{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T04:04:21Z","timestamp":1749614661278,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Ultrasound Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evaluate associations between maternal perceived stress and depressive symptoms, and fetal body composition and organ volumes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the NICHD Fetal 3D Study (2015\u20132019; n\u2009=\u20092457), stress and depressive symptoms were assessed at enrollment (10\u201313\u2009weeks). High stress was defined as a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score \u226515 and high depressive symptoms, defined as an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score \u226510. Fetal body composition and organ volumes (cerebellar, lung, liver, and kidney) were measured up to five times between 15 and 40\u2009weeks using three\u2010dimensional (3D) ultrasound technology. Trajectories of body composition and organ volumes across pregnancy by high versus low PSS and EPDS were created using linear mixed models. Overall and weekly differences were compared after adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six hundred (24.4%) women scored \u226515 on the PSS, and 334 (13.6%) scored \u226510 on the EPDS. Fetuses whose mothers had PSS \u226515 had 0.4\u20130.9\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> smaller fractional fat arm volumes between 33 and 37\u2009weeks, 0.2\u20130.5\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> larger fractional fat thigh volumes between 26 and 29\u2009weeks, 4.0\u20138.0\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> larger average lung volumes between 33 and 37\u2009weeks, and 1.0\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> smaller liver volumes between 19 and 21\u2009weeks; and for EPDS \u226510, fetuses had 2.0\u20133.0\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> larger cerebellar volumes between 35 and 38\u2009weeks. Findings were statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and similarly robust in sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Greater maternal perceived stress and depressive symptoms early in pregnancy were associated with up to an 8.0\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> difference in fetal limb adiposity and organ volume growth. While health implications are unclear, our findings support current clinical practice guidelines for prenatal mental health screening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:55:45Z","timestamp":1743036945000},"page":"1245-1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fetal Body Composition and Organ Volume Trajectories in Association With Maternal Perceived Stress or Depressive Symptoms in the Fetal <scp>3D<\/scp> Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2922-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Jean\u2010Louis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Grobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Brown University Medical School  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gore\u2010Langton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emmes Company  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emmes Company  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics &amp; 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