{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T15:30:00Z","timestamp":1747150200288,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011645","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH\u2010DK(B)111002\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH\u2010DK(B)111002\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Kaohsiung J of Med Scie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immune response of patients with chronic liver disease tends to be lower after receiving their second coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) vaccine dose, but the effect of a third vaccine dose on their immune response is currently unknown. We recruited 722 patients without previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection from three hospitals. The patients received homologous (MMM) and heterologous (AZAZBNT, AZAZM) boosters, where AZ, BNT, and M denoted the AZD1222, BNT162b2, and mRNA\u20101273 vaccines, respectively. Serum IgG spike antibody levels were measured at a mean 1.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7 (visit 1) and 5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 (visit 2) months after the third vaccine booster. A threshold of 4160\u2009AU\/mL was considered significant antibody activity. In both visits, the patients who received the MMM booster had higher anti\u2010S\u2010IgG levels than those who received the AZAZBNT and AZAZM boosters. Patients with active hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) had lower anti\u2010S\u2010IgG levels than the control group (761.6 vs. 1498.2 BAU\/mL; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019) at visit 1. The anti\u2010S\u2010IgG levels decreased significantly at visit 2. The patients with significant antibody activity had a lower rate of liver cirrhosis with decompensation (0.7% decompensation vs. 8.0% non\u2010decompensation and 91.3% non\u2010liver cirrhosis, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015), and active HCC (1.5% active HCC vs. 3.7% non\u2010active HCC and 94.7% non\u2010HCC, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Receiving the MMM booster regimen (OR\u2009=\u200910.67, 95% CI 5.20\u201321.91, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) increased the odds of having significant antibody activity compared with the AZAZBNT booster regimen. Patients with active HCC had a reduced immune response to the third COVID\u201019 vaccine booster. These findings underscore the importance of booster vaccinations, especially in immunocompromised patients, with superior efficacy observed with the homologous mRNA\u20101273 regimen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T13:18:54Z","timestamp":1708089534000},"page":"477-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Third vaccine boosters and anti\u2010<scp>S\u2010IgG<\/scp> levels: A comparison of homologous and heterologous responses and poor immunogenicity in hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4720-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih\u2010Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School 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Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyng\u2010Yuan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3728-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming\u2010Lun","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9189-6604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po\u2010Cheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Ju","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta\u2010Tung Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po\u2010Yao","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching\u2010I.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung 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