{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:20:46Z","timestamp":1786123246134,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Kaohsiung J of Med Scie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autophagy plays either a suppressing or promoting role during tumor development. Clarifying the role of autophagy in bladder tumorigenesis both in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies through manipulating autophagy activity. Herein, we noninvasively monitored how autophagy affects bladder tumor formation using a murine model of orthotopic bladder tumor formation by \u201cin vivo imaging system (IVIS) and transabdominal micro\u2010ultrasound imaging (MUI)\u201d and validated the notion in cell lines and bladder cancer patients. Mimic clinical administration, all the drugs were delivered into the urinary bladder of the mice via intravesical instillation. Plasma biochemistry parameters, hemograms, blood pressure, and blood concentration of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were analyzed in treated mice. Low autophagy activity was detected in the bladder tumors and associated with poor overall survival of bladder cancer patients. Amiodarone\u2010induced autophagy activity suppressed bladder tumor formation, whereas silencing Atg5 expression reversed the suppression. Notably, amiodarone showed equivalent anti\u2010tumor efficacy but with fewer side effects on the treated mice compared to the clinical anti\u2010cancer drug Mitomycin C (MMC). Furthermore, amiodarone delivered by intravesical route showed a negligible influence on the physiologic conditions of the treated mice. Our orthotopic mouse model revealed that increasing autophagy activity alleviated bladder tumor development. Similarly, low autophagy is associated with a poor overall survival rate. Furthermore, repurposing amiodarone\u2010induced autophagy accompanied by trivial side effects shows potential for the treatment of bladder cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:17:26Z","timestamp":1769167046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autophagy Plays a Suppressive Role in Bladder Tumor Formation in an Orthotopic Mouse Model and Bladder Cancer Patient Specimens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan\u2010Ting","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin\u2010Chen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan\u2010Haw","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine  Tainan Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010Lin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan\u2010Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng\u2010Hui","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer and Immunology Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih\u2010Peng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao\u2010Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"},{"name":"M. 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