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To address this, we established a long\u2010term (seven\u2010month) mouse model (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098 per group) combining a Western diet (WD) with a chronic PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure paradigm equivalent to a human exposure of ~50\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , assessing key biomarkers, organ histopathology, and hepatic gene expression. While the WD was the primary driver of MASLD\u2010related steatosis and insulin resistance, PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    co\u2010exposure acted as a distinct modifier of hepatic pathogenesis. Specifically, the WD\u2009+\u2009PM group exhibited significantly exacerbated hepatic pathology compared to WD alone, characterized by a ~55% increase in serum ALT (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and a 4.7\u2010fold increase in collagen deposition area (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), alongside the marked upregulation of pro\u2010inflammatory (TNF\u2010\u03b1, CCL2) and pro\u2010fibrotic (\u03b1\u2010SMA, COL1A1) genes. In the kidney, PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure independently elevated serum creatinine levels (by ~64% vs. controls,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and increased the incidence of proteinuria (75% in WD\u2009+\u2009PM vs. 0% in controls). These functional alterations occurred without inducing major structural damage. This study provides crucial experimental evidence that moderate, chronic air pollution aggravates diet\u2010induced hepatic inflammation\/fibrosis and contributes to early\u2010stage renal dysfunction, underscoring the multi\u2010organ health threats to metabolically vulnerable populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:53:38Z","timestamp":1774684418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic, Environmentally Relevant\n                    <scp>\n                      PM\n                      <sub>2.5<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Exposure Exacerbates Metabolic Dysfunction\u2010Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Early\u2010Stage Renal Dysfunction in a Rodent Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Siao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institute  Miaoli County Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo You\u2010Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung 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