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This study aimed to determine the background urinary concentrations of parabens in a representative sample of the general population in Taiwan. A total of 1967 participants were enrolled in this cross\u2010sectional study. The subjects were recruited from the Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants (2013\u20132016). Urine samples were collected from participants, and questionnaires were administered. Urinary concentrations of parabens, including methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP), were quantified through ultra\u2010high\u2010performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, 95th percentile reference values (RV95s) were used to establish the background concentrations of these parabens. The highest geometric mean concentration was obtained for MeP (357\u2009\u03bcg\/L), followed by PrP (89.3\u2009\u03bcg\/L), EtP (34.2\u2009\u03bcg\/L), and BuP (5.31\u2009\u03bcg\/L). Urinary concentrations of these parabens were higher in adults than in minors. The RV95s of paraben were 954, 101, 219, and 14.2\u2009\u03bcg\/L for MeP, EtP, PrP, and BuP, respectively. Of the 1967 participants, 55.4% had a HI value that exceeded the threshold of 1. This finding indicates a potential concern under conservative screening assumptions, rather than definitive evidence of adverse health risk. PrP was identified as the primary determinant of HI, accounting for 71.4% of the observed effect. The RV95s for the urinary concentrations of particular parabens are significantly higher in Taiwan than in other countries. Moreover, a notable correlation was observed between personal care product use and the urinary paraben concentrations. Further evaluation of the health implications of paraben exposure among the Taiwanese population is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T10:05:18Z","timestamp":1775901918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paraben Exposure in the General Taiwanese Population: Reference Values, Personal Care Products, and Cumulative Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jung\u2010Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen\u2010Hsuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, 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Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan\u2010Ting","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Miaoli Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po\u2010Chin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung City Taiwan"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Miaoli Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University  Taichung 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