{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T10:17:48Z","timestamp":1787480268894,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of varus knee deformities in the Japanese population, prevalence of various around knee osteotomy procedures\u00a0and influence of femoral and tibial bowing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Varus knee deformity was defined as a weight\u2010bearing line ratio of &lt;50%. A total of 1010 varus knees were selected from 1814 varus knees with weight\u2010bearing full\u2010length radiographs, obtained at two facilities, based on exclusion criteria. Various parameters were measured, and around knee osteotomy simulations based on the deformity centre were conducted using digital planning tools. Bowing of the femoral and tibial shafts was measured, with bowing defined as follows:\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22120.6\u00b0 indicating lateral bowing and \u2265 0.6\u00b0 indicating medial bowing. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate age\u2010related correlations and their impact on surgical techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study revealed that the proximal tibia was the centre of deformity in Japanese varus knees (42.8%), and high tibial osteotomy was frequently indicated (81.6%). Age demonstrated a mild correlation with femoral shaft bowing (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.29), leading to an increase in the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and to a decrease in the hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle angle and weight\u2010bearing line ratio (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.29, 0.221, 0.219). The tibial shaft bowing was unaffected by age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.022).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant proportion of Japanese individuals with varus knees exhibit a deformity centre located in the proximal tibia, making them suitable candidates for high tibial osteotomy. No age\u2010related alterations were discerned in tibial morphology, indicating that the occurrence of constitutional varus knees is attributable to tibial deformities in the Japanese patient cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Level IV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T04:03:56Z","timestamp":1711166636000},"page":"1332-1343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Constitutional varus knee due to tibial deformity is common and represents a good indication for high tibial osteotomy in Japanese population: Consideration of 1010 knees"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7405-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kensaku","family":"Abe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keiju Medical Center Ishikawa Nanao Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Ishikawa Kanazawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Goshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Joint Reconstructive Surgery Kanazawa Munehiro Hospital Ishikawa Kanazawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Morinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keiju Medical Center Ishikawa Nanao Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunta","family":"Hanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Demura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Ishikawa Kanazawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030743"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200208000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1936-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4348-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06166-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-021-06740-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05509-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499021992618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-03974-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-017-0571-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760050157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5103-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4680-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","unstructured":"NewYorkOrtho. 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