{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:12:11Z","timestamp":1788520331422,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared the radiological characteristics between habitual and recurrent patellar dislocation in skeletally mature patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2017 to 2019, 77 skeletally mature patients with habitual patellar dislocation were surgically treated at a single institution and reviewed retrospectively. A total of 55 knees from these patients were included in the habitual patellar dislocation group. During the same period, 55 knees with recurrent patellar dislocation were randomly selected from 242 patients and included in the recurrent patellar dislocation group. Various bony deformities were measured and compared between the two groups. Additionally, a subgroup analysis was conducted among patients with habitual patellar dislocation, comparing those with and without an \u2018invisible patella\u2019 observed on true lateral views with 30\u00b0 of knee flexion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The femoral anteversion angle (21.8\u00b0 vs. 26.3\u00b0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041), tibiofemoral rotation angle (9.7\u00b0 vs. 12.4\u00b0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) and external tibial rotation angle (24.3\u00b0 vs. 29.6\u00b0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) in the habitual patellar dislocation group were significantly lower than those in the recurrent patellar dislocation group. 54% of knees in the habitual patellar dislocation group had a patella baja, and this was in sharp contrast to the recurrent patellar dislocation group in which none of the knees had a patella baja. 49.1% of knees in the habitual patellar dislocation group showed \u2018invisible patella\u2019 at 30\u00b0 of knee flexion, and knees with \u2018invisible patella\u2019 had significantly higher tibial tubercle\u2010trochlear groove (TT\u2010TG) distance (30.4 vs. 19.8, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and tibiofemoral rotation angle (13.2\u00b0 vs. 6.4\u00b0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than knees with a visible patella.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A distinct difference in bony anatomical features was observed between habitual and recurrent patellar dislocation in skeletally mature patients. Habitual patellar dislocation exhibited less severe rotational deformities of the lower extremity but showed poorer trochlear and patellar development, a larger TT\u2010TG distance and a higher incidence of patella baja compared with recurrent patellar dislocation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Level III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T03:06:53Z","timestamp":1723172813000},"page":"524-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Habitual patellar dislocation exhibits less severe rotational deformities but poorer trochlear development and higher incidence of patella baja compared with recurrent patellar dislocation in skeletally mature patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Service, Beijing jishuitan hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Service, Beijing jishuitan hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menglinqian","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Service, Beijing jishuitan hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Service, Beijing jishuitan hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Service, Beijing jishuitan hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8329-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Service, Beijing jishuitan hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09807-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2014.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B9.19065"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030474"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513484895"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1417-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01552649"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512464691"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong J. 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