{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:43:14Z","timestamp":1777401794906,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K14426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K14426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between shoulder joint morphology and a history of throwing shoulder pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male collegiate and corporate league baseball players (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921; 20.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 years) underwent bilateral shoulder imaging using open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in simulated abduction\u2013external rotation positions replicating the late cocking phase. The posterior glenohumeral distance (PGHD) and humeral retroversion angle were measured. Side\u2010to\u2010side measures were calculated as the %PGHD and the difference in the humeral retroversion angle; higher values indicated greater morphological changes in the posterior glenoid rim and increased humeral retroversion in the throwing shoulder, respectively. Structural equation modelling examined the relationships among the %PGHD, the difference in the humeral retroversion angle, and a history of throwing shoulder pain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The difference in the humeral retroversion angle was 8.0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9\u00b0, and the %PGHD was 187.1%\u2009\u00b1\u200976.2%. A history of throwing shoulder pain was present in 8 of 21 athletes. A larger %PGHD was significantly associated with a smaller difference in the humeral retroversion angle (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u20130.506,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012), which, in turn, was significantly associated with a history of throwing shoulder pain (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u20130.885,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reduced humeral retroversion may be accompanied by morphological changes in the posterior glenoid rim, which may be associated with an increased risk of throwing shoulder injury. MRI\u2011based morphological assessment is useful as a research tool to understand the pathomechanisms of throwing\u2011related shoulder injury and to validate potential clinical markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level IV, cross\u2010sectional observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.70334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T10:23:33Z","timestamp":1771410213000},"page":"1852-1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shoulder morphology and throwing shoulder pain: Associations with humeral retroversion angle and posterior glenohumeral distance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8406-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences Japan University of Health Sciences Satte\u2010shi Saitama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Hitachino Orthopedic Clinic Ushiku\u2010shi Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Mutsuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Sciences Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences Sapporo Medical University Sapporo\u2010shi Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Monma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70300-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2449"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300011701"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2019.1629705"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199621060-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118805983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(99)70030-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508324966"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2014.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671251360398"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-8063(95)90128-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510370291"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.3.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/84.9.832"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2381-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509337450"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3193-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211064645"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509347542"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10254"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281804"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516648438"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513493249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20070701-03"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967121992133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671251343232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09603-5"}],"container-title":["Knee 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