{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:53:31Z","timestamp":1790776411768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]],"date-time":"2011-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the five\u2010year incidence of olfactory impairment and associated risk factors in a general population of older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinal population\u2010based study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants (n = 1,556) in the population\u2010based Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study had olfaction measured at the 5\u2010 and 10\u2010year examinations (1998\u20132000 and 2003\u20132005, respectively). Olfactory ability was measured by the San Diego Odor Identification Test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The five\u2010year incidence of olfactory impairment was 12.5%. Incidence rates increased with age for men and women. In a multivariate model, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, 95% CI, 1.61\u20132.00; for every five\u2010year increase), a history of nasal polyps (OR = 2.33, 95% CI, 1.13\u20134.59), a history of deviated septum (OR = 2.05, 95% CI, 1.14\u20133.56), and a history of heavy alcohol use (OR = 1.84, 95% CI, 1.13\u20132.93) were associated with an increased risk of olfactory impairment, whereas use of lipid\u2010lowering agents (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.46\u20130.99; yes vs. no), exercising at least once a week (OR = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.48\u20130.98), and oral steroid use (OR = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.11\u20130.94) were associated with a decreased risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The five\u2010year incidence of olfactory impairment is high in this population of older adults. Modifiable risk factors associated with impairment suggest some impairment could be amenable to prevention or treatment. Laryngoscope, 2011<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]],"date-time":"2011-01-04T20:47:34Z","timestamp":1294174054000},"page":"873-878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Olfactory impairment in older adults: Five\u2010year incidence and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Carla R.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Cruickshanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara E.K.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Nondahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.5.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480410022787"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.129.10.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32137-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjp018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01826.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"461","volume-title":"Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation","author":"Murphy C","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200310000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2004.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181850188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.20.1615"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511163332001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.20.2355"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hq1101.098486"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200102000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240401800107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000057945.57330.2C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(91)91318-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/51A.2.M86"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flary.21416","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flary.21416","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.21416","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T11:58:38Z","timestamp":1700481518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.21416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.21416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.21416","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]]}}}