{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:55:07Z","timestamp":1778777707085,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n \n There are variants of chronic rhinosinusitis (\n CRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to phenotype the subclasses of\n CRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n as well as characterize their polyps with histology and cellular\u2013intracellular biomarkers.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Prospective case\u2010control study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Demographic data, quality\u2010of\u2010life (\n QoL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) questionnaires, nasal endoscopy (\n NE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), and computed tomography (\n CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) scores were obtained.\n CRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n was divided into seven subclasses: aspirin\u2010exacerbated respiratory disease (\n AERD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), asthmatic sinusitis with and without allergy, nonasthmatic sinusitis with and without allergy, allergic fungal sinusitis (\n AFS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), and cystic fibrosis (\n CF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Histopathologic and immunohistochemistry of nasal polyps were recorded.\n CD3<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CD4<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CD8<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CD19<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CD45<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n CD56<\/jats:styled-content>\n data were collected. Interleukin (\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n )4,\n IL5<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n IL13<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n IL17<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and interferon (\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010\u03b3 were measured.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Eight\u2010four subjects were in this study. Two\n QoL<\/jats:styled-content>\n questionnaires were inadequate at distinguishing the control group from\n CRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n NE<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n were able to differentiate between the control group and all\n CRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n subclasses (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.01). Asthmatic sinusitis,\n AERD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n AFS<\/jats:styled-content>\n had high\n NE<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores, nasal polyps, eosinophils, mast cell, and hypercellularity. Asthmatic sinusitis, nonasthmatic sinusitis, and\n AERD<\/jats:styled-content>\n had higher\n CD4<\/jats:styled-content>\n cells than control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05). Even though asthmatic sinusitis and\n AFS<\/jats:styled-content>\n are mediated by\n Th2<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n AFS<\/jats:styled-content>\n had differing levels of\n Th2<\/jats:styled-content>\n cytokines. Each nonasthmatic sinusitis had purulence and low CT score. Each nonasthmatic sinusitis had higher\n CD4<\/jats:styled-content>\n cells and\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b3 than control (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05).\n CF<\/jats:styled-content>\n is associated with purulence, high\n CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n score, high polymorphonuclear leukocytes, high plasma cells, and high mast cells.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Well\u2010characterized and distinct groups of\n CRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n have been defined for targeted treatment and research studies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n \n 2b\n Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>\n , 123:S15\u2013S27, 2013\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T14:10:03Z","timestamp":1359641403000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Subclassification of chronic 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