{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:53:47Z","timestamp":1790776427079,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]],"date-time":"2013-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is evidence that the olfactory system can be modulated by repeated exposure to odors, a procedure called <jats:italic>olfactory training<\/jats:italic>. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of olfactory training in patients with postinfectious and post\u2010traumatic olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective study of 119 patients with postinfectious and post\u2010traumatic olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two groups of patients (postinfectious and post\u2010traumatic) performed the olfactory training (n\u2009=\u200949 and n\u2009=\u200923, respectively) over a period of 16 weeks and were compared with two control groups of the same etiology (n\u2009=\u200932 and n\u2009=\u200915). Patients with sinunasal, neurologic, or idiopathic disease were excluded. Training was performed twice daily with the use of four odors (phenyl ethyl alcohol [rose], eucalyptol [eucalyptus], citronellal [lemon], and eugenol [cloves]). Olfactory testing was performed by means of the Sniffin' Sticks test battery (threshold, discrimination, identification) at the time of diagnosis, and 8 and 16 weeks later. All patients evaluated their olfactory function by means of a visual analogue scale (0\u2013100).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to controls, training patients in both groups presented significantly higher scores of olfactory function as measured by the Sniffin' Sticks test. This increase was measured in 67.8% of postinfectious and 33.2% of post\u2010traumatic patients. Subjective ratings were in accordance with the olfactory test results. Subset analysis showed that olfactory function mainly increased olfactory identification followed by discrimination in both training groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study suggests that a 16\u2010week short\u2010term exposure to specific odors may increase olfactory sensitivity in patients with postinfectious and post\u2010traumatic olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3b. <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 123:E85\u2013E90, 2013<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T21:45:10Z","timestamp":1381527910000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Use of olfactory training in post\u2010traumatic and postinfectious olfactory 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Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysa","family":"Kazantzidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell and Taste Clinic, Second Academic Otorhinolaryngology Department, Papageorgiou Hospital Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannis","family":"Constantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell and Taste Clinic, Second Academic Otorhinolaryngology Department, Papageorgiou Hospital Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 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