{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:26:36Z","timestamp":1779891996333,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common bacterial infection in childhood that causes an inflammatory response in the middle ear. Leukocytes produce different inflammatory molecules in vitro when stimulated with Gram\u2010positive and Gram\u2010negative bacteria. The major causes of AOM are <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, nontypeable <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenza<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>. We sought to assess differences in cytokines, chemokines, and expression of Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs) at onset of AOM based on bacterial culture results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Middle ear fluid (MEF) from 66 children with AOM was studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Innate immune genes, cytokines (interleukin [IL]\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201010, IL1\u2010\u03b2; tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1), chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCR5, CXCR3), and Toll\u2010like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9) expression was measured using real\u2010time reverse transcriptase\u2010polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) from MEF collected in vivo by tympanocentesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Culture\u2010positive MEF had higher levels of all cytokines and chemokines (9\u2013300\u2010fold) as compared to MEF that was culture negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\u2010positive\/culture\u2010negative MEF for otopathogens showed significant differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) in TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expression (6\u201331\u2010fold), but cytokine and chemokine levels were similar compared to PCR\u2010negative\/culture\u2010negative MEF. No significant differences were found in the cytokine\/chemokine\/TLR levels among the bacterial otopathogen species. However, higher levels of TLRs, and all the cytokine and chemokines were detected when more than one bacterial species was present compared to single otopathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines\/chemokines and TLRs are elevated in AOM children with a bacterial otopathogen, and are dependent on the number of bacterial species identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 125:E39\u2013E44, 2015<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T13:13:07Z","timestamp":1410527587000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Cytokine, chemokine, and toll\u2010like receptor expression in middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology Rochester General Hospital Research Institute  Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legacy Pediatrics Rochester New York U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pichichero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology Rochester General Hospital Research Institute  Rochester"},{"name":"Legacy Pediatrics Rochester New York U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Otitis Media in Infants and Children","author":"Bluestone CD","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000136871.51792.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181c1bc48"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31828d9acc","article-title":"Acute otitis media otopathogens during 2008 to 2010 in Rochester, New York","volume":"32","author":"Casey JR","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.230-241.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318194b7c6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425909103170"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425910393539"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901167"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-010-0158-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3581-3586.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IFLA.0000006700.41614.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2004.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813003178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181d9e639"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.034041-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb03352.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199903000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02561523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.2.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03083.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23973"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.11.8053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200010000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182611d6b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922808319966"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flary.24920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.24920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T18:42:53Z","timestamp":1696358573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.24920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.24920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.24920","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]}}}