{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:59:56Z","timestamp":1792094396294,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]],"date-time":"2015-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to noninvasively and quantitatively determine tympanic membrane (TM) thickness and the presence and thickness of any middle\u2010ear biofilm located behind the TM. These new metrics offer the potential to differentiate normal, acute, and chronic otitis media (OM) infections in pediatric subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case series with comparison group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The TM thickness of 34 pediatric subjects was acquired using a custom\u2010built, handheld OCT system following a traditional otoscopic ear exam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall thickness (TM and any associated biofilm) was shown to be statistically different for normal, acute, and chronic infection groups (normal\u2010acute and normal\u2010chronic: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; acute\u2010chronic: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value\u2009=\u20090.0016). Almost all observed scans from the chronic group had an accompanying biofilm structure. When the thickness of the TM and biofilm were considered separately in chronic OM, the chronic TM thickness correlated with the normal group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value\u2009=\u20090.68) yet was still distinct from the acute OM group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), indicating that the TM in chronic OM returns to relatively normal thickness levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Identifying these physical changes in vivo provides new metrics for noninvasively and quantitatively differentiating normal, acute, and chronic OM. This new diagnostic information has the potential to assist physicians to more effectively and efficiently screen, manage, and refer patients based on quantitative data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4. <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 125:E276\u2013E282, 2015<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T04:50:03Z","timestamp":1421729403000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Noninvasive depth\u2010resolved optical measurements of the tympanic membrane and middle ear for differentiating otitis media"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Guillermo L.","family":"Monroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cac T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery College of Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Urbana Illinois U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm C.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Urbana Illinois U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel T.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carle Foundation Hospital Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Advanced MEMS San Francisco California U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Boppart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign Urbana Illinois U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3488"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for clinical care. 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