{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1792030213108,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although adenotonsillectomy is accepted as a first\u2010line therapy for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), there is currently no consensus regarding optimal methods for identifying the sites of obstruction or treatment of children with persistent disease after surgery. With this in mind, our aim was to systematically review the English\u2010language literature pertaining to these issues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched all indexed years of Pubmed, Cochrane CENTRAL, DynaMed, UpToDate, CINAHL, and Scopus for English\u2010language articles containing original human data, with\u2009\u2265\u20097 participants, all\u2009&lt;\u200918 years old. Data regarding study design, demographics, clinical characteristics\/outcomes, level of evidence, and risk of bias were obtained. Articles were independently reviewed by two investigators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 758 identified abstracts, 24 articles (combined population\u2009=\u2009960) were ultimately included. Seventeen (71%) described methods to identify site(s) of obstruction: drug\u2010induced sleep endoscopy (11\/24), cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (3\/24), and alternative imaging (3\/24). Treatment options included lingual tonsillectomy (n\u2009=\u20096), with success rates of 57% to 88% (Cohen's effect size <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.38), as well as supraglottoplasty (n\u2009=\u20094), with success rates of 58% to 72% (d\u2009=\u20090.64). Additional treatments included medications and surgery (e.g., partial midline glossectomy and tongue suspension).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drug\u2010induced sleep endoscopy and cine MRI are the most commonly reported tools to identify sites of obstruction for children with persistent OSA; however, these techniques have not yet been clearly linked to outcomes. Evidence for treatment is extremely limited and focuses primarily on lingual tonsillectomy and supraglottoplasty. Also, reports regarding appropriate patient selection and outcomes in obese or otherwise healthy children are scant. <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 126:491\u2013500, 2016<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T18:24:56Z","timestamp":1436293496000},"page":"491-500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Systematic review of site of obstruction identification and non\u2010<scp>CPAP<\/scp> treatment options for children with persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"P. Vairavan","family":"Manickam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A"},{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally R.","family":"Shott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A"},{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily F.","family":"Boss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliza 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Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A"},{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio 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