{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T11:18:45Z","timestamp":1769080725568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mycobacterial infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2010infected individuals worldwide. Cervical lymph nodes are the most frequently affected extrapulmonary sites. Despite the substantial reduction in complications of HIV\u2013tuberculosis coinfection, a proportion of individuals develop immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), a term used for a clinical deterioration following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objective of this study was to describe mycobacterial\u2010associated IRIS in cervical lymph nodes of HIV\u2010infected individuals receiving ART.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study, set in a tertiary referral center in Mexico City.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included ART\u2010naive subjects who had at least one follow\u2010up ear, nose, and throat examination, and were diagnosed with lymph node mycobacterial infection before or during the first 3 months of ART initiation. Mycobacterial\u2010associated IRIS in cervical lymph nodes was determined retrospectively through clinical case definition and medical chart review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010three subjects who initiated ART were diagnosed with cervical lymph node mycobacteriosis; 24 had <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection and nine had nontuberculous disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> was the most common pathogen isolated from cervical lymph nodes. The only factor associated with IRIS was infection with a nontuberculous mycobacteria. The unexpectedly high incidence of mycobacterial\u2010associated IRIS underlines the relevance of head and neck examination before ART initiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 125:2498\u20132502, 2015<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T18:24:40Z","timestamp":1436293480000},"page":"2498-2502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in human immunodeficiency virus\u2013infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy initiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Yuria","family":"Ablanedo\u2010Terrazas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Alvarado\u2010de la Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Ruiz\u2010Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Reyes\u2010Ter\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"WHO Report","author":"Global Tuberculosis Control","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605559"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091879"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f4a607"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70026-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503903"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70140-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70184-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"International Network for the Study of HIV\u2010Associated IRIS. General case definition. Available at:http:\/\/www.inshi.umn.edu\/definitions\/General_IRIS\/home.html. Accessed January 30 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Latent tuberculosis infection. Available at:http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/challenges\/ltbi\/en\/. Accessed March 2 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection of the World Health Organization 2015. Available at:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/136471\/1\/9789241548908_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1. 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