{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:49:20Z","timestamp":1786978160426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders at the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 DC008671-08S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DC008671-08S1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The tonsils and adenoids are secondary lymphoid organs, where antigen processing and immune cell development occur to control bacterial colonization and infection in the upper respiratory tract. Both organs are abundant in follicular T helper cells (T\n                      <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), a subset of T cells specialized for promoting B\u2010cell development. There are no prior studies on differences between the immune cells of the tonsils and adenoids and whether the cells function differently.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro assays to assess cell phenotype of tonsils and adenoids from young children (median age\u2009=\u200940 months).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mononuclear cells from tonsils and adenoids were cultured with or without 1 \u00b5g\/mL\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      enterotoxin B (SEB) for 4 days. Cell phenotype and function were assessed by flow cytometry and multiplex enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that in resting adenoids, T\n                      <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                      expressed higher CXCR5 and inducible costimulator but lower PD\u20101 than those from the tonsils, and that adenoidal B cells expressed higher CD27. Upon polyclonal stimulation with SEB, both T\n                      <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                      and B cells from the adenoids proliferated to a greater extent, and culture supernatants contained higher levels of interleukin 21.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conclude that the cells of the adenoid are disposed toward the provision of more robust B\u2010cell help than the tonsils.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NA\n                      <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 126:E80\u2013E85, 2016\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T04:07:59Z","timestamp":1446091679000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Adenoidal follicular\n                    <scp>T<\/scp>\n                    helper cells provide stronger\n                    <scp>B<\/scp>\n                    \u2010cell help than those from tonsils"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Rochester Regional Health Systems"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kozara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Otolaryngology Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Salamone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Otolaryngology 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