{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:50:13Z","timestamp":1790635813735,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC011299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC011299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC011300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC011300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the geometry of the vocal fold medial surface affects voice quality and is critical in the treatment of glottic insufficiency, the prephonatory shape of the vocal fold medial surface is not well understood. In this study, we activated intrinsic laryngeal muscles individually and in combinations, and recorded the temporal sequence and precise three\u2010dimensional configurational changes of the vocal fold medial surface.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>In vivo canine hemilarynx model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A hemilaryngectomy was performed in an in vivo canine model and ink was used to mark the medial surface of the in situ vocal fold in a grid\u2010like fashion. The thyroarytenoid (TA), lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), cricothyroid (CT), and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles were stimulated individually and in combinations. A right\u2010angle prism whose hypotenuse formed the glottal midline provided two distinct views of the medial surface for a high\u2010speed digital camera. Image\u2010processing package DaVis (LaVision Inc., Goettingen, Germany) allowed time series cross\u2010correlation analysis for three\u2010dimensional deformation calculations of the vocal fold medial surface.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combined TA and LCA activation yields an evenly adducted rectangular glottal surface. Addition of thyroarytenoid to cricoarytenoid adducts the vocal fold from inferior to superior in a graded fashion allowing formation of a divergent glottis. Posterior cricoarytenoid has a bimodal relationship with thyroarytenoid favoring abduction. Cricothyroid and lateral cricoarytenoid yield unique glottal postures necessary but likely not conducive for efficient phonation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the three\u2010dimensional geometry of the vocal fold medial surface will help us better understand the cause\u2010effect relationship between laryngeal physiology and phonation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 127:656\u2013664, 2017<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T07:34:11Z","timestamp":1467704051000},"page":"656-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional posture changes of the vocal fold from paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Vahabzadeh\u2010Hagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine Los Angeles California U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine Los Angeles California U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh K.","family":"Chhetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine Los Angeles California U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3310274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1333420"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1504849"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395910"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200105000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A framework for the study of vocal registers","volume":"23","author":"Titze IR","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Voice"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80224-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","article-title":"Cause\u2010effect relationship between vocal fold physiology and voice production in a three\u2010dimensional phonation model","author":"Zhang Z","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3057860"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2014.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1871772"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80341-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"Abdel\u2010AzizY KararaH.Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close\u2010range photogrammetry. 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