{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:33:38Z","timestamp":1790703218005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,7]],"date-time":"2017-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Laryngological Association Seymour Cohen Grant"},{"name":"Augusta University Institute for Regenerative Medicine Pilot Project Award"},{"name":"Dean's Summer Medical Scholars Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most promising stem cell\u2010derived tracheal transplantation approach is dependent upon the use of decellularized tracheal grafts. It has been assumed that a sterilization step, such as gamma radiation, would damage the delicate extracellular matrix of the graft, thus rendering it less viable for cellular repopulation, although this has not been thoroughly investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory\u2010based comparative analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen murine tracheas of strain C57\/B\u20106 mice were obtained. Thirteen were subjected to a detergent\u2010enzymatic decellularization process. Of these decellularized tracheas (DT), eight were irradiated, exposing five tracheas to a radiation level of 25 kGy (DT25) and three to 5 kGy (DT5). Two were left untreated. The two untreated tracheas, two DTs, and two DT25s were prepared and examined using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Bioburden calculations were obtained from three DTs, three DT25s, and three DT5s by homogenization, serial dilution, and streak plating.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electron microscopy of untreated fresh tracheas and DTs showed a slight qualitative degradation of cartilage ultrastructure due to the decellularization process. In contrast, examination of DT25 shows significant degradation including poor overall preservation of cartilage architecture with disorganized collagen fibers. The nonirradiated DTs had a calculated bacterial bioburden of 7.8 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> to 3.4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> colony\u2010forming units per gram. Both the DT25 and DT5 specimens were found to have a bioburden of zero.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gamma radiation at 25 kGy degrades the architecture of decellularized tracheal grafts. These ultrastructural changes may prove detrimental to graft viability; however, bioburden calculations suggest that a 5 kGy radiation dose may be sufficient for sterilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 127:E258\u2013E264, 2017<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]],"date-time":"2017-05-08T01:12:44Z","timestamp":1494205964000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The feasibility of gamma radiation sterilization for decellularized tracheal grafts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery\/Center for Voice Airway and Swallowing Augusta University Augusta Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Naval Medical Center San Diego California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DeHuang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery\/Center for Voice Airway and Swallowing Augusta University Augusta Georgia"},{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine Augusta University Augusta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Ryals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory N.","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery\/Center for Voice Airway and Swallowing Augusta University Augusta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Weinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery\/Center for Voice Airway and Swallowing Augusta University Augusta Georgia"},{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine Augusta University Augusta Georgia"},{"name":"Georgia Cancer Center Augusta University Augusta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61598-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2008.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Update: allograft\u2010associated bacterial infections\u2014United States, 2002","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-005-0338-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-010-9215-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(01)00301-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"ISO 11737\u20131:2006 Sterilization of medical devices\u2014microbiological methods\u2014Part 1: determination of a population of microorganisms on products.International Organization for Standardization website. 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