{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T03:24:46Z","timestamp":1776914686459,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare sterile water to three methods of sterilization (carbon filtration, boiling, and ultraviolet [UV] light) for preparation of nasal saline irrigants free of bacterial and amebic contaminants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bench\u2010top translational research and cost comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sterile water was compared to common sterilization methods. Sterile water was contaminated with known concentrations of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic>. Test samples were subjected to boiling, carbon filtration, or ultraviolet light (UV) and then cultivated on appropriate media. Controls included samples of sterile water (negative control) and untreated test samples (positive control).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carbon filtration reduced but did not eliminate the number of organisms present in test samples. Boiling test samples for 5 minutes and UV light treatment resulted in sterilization of all organisms. Negative (sham contaminated) samples produced no growth, whereas positive (untreated) samples grew numerous organisms as expected. A cost comparison between bottled water and UV water sterilization (with SteriPEN Ultra) became equal in less than 2 years of consistent use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carbon filtration reduces contamination but does not sterilize water and is thus unsafe for preparation of nasal saline irrigant. Boiling and UV treatment resulted in sterilization and are equivalent to purchased sterile water. Ultraviolet treatment was found to be safe, convenient, and a cost\u2010effective alternative to purchased sterile water.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 127:1513\u20131519, 2017<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T06:06:53Z","timestamp":1487743613000},"page":"1513-1519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Can contaminated water be rendered safe for nasal saline irrigations?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Allison G.","family":"Ordemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"James K.","family":"Stanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna C.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Mark","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"CD006394","article-title":"Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"3","author":"Harvey R","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200007000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis626"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"903","article-title":"Primary amebic meningoencephalitis associated with ritual nasal rinsing\u2014St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, 2012","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Is rinsing your sinuses safe?Available at:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/ForConsumers\/ConsumerUpdates\/ucm316375.htm. 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