{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:32:14Z","timestamp":1790188334969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"AAO-HNSF Centralized Otolaryngology Research Efforts (CORE)"},{"name":"American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology (ASPO) Research Grant"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32 DC005356-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DC005356-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reconstruction of craniofacial cartilagenous defects are among the most challenging surgical procedures in facial plastic surgery. Bioengineered craniofacial cartilage holds immense potential to surpass current reconstructive options, but limitations to clinical translation exist. We endeavored to determine the viability of utilizing adipose\u2010derived stem cell\u2010chondrocyte co\u2010culture and three\u2010dimensional (3D) printing to produce 3D bioscaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. We describe a feasibility study revealing a novel approach for cartilage tissue engineering with in vitro and in vivo animal data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Porcine adipose\u2010derived stem cells and chondrocytes were isolated and co\u2010seeded at 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 0:1 experimental ratios in a hyaluronic acid\/collagen hydrogel in the pores of 3D\u2010printed polycaprolactone scaffolds to form 3D bioscaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Bioscaffolds were cultured in vitro without growth factors for 4 weeks and then implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of athymic rats for an additional 4 weeks before sacrifice. Bioscaffolds were subjected to histologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Successful production of cartilage was achieved using a co\u2010culture model of adipose\u2010derived stem cells and chondrocytes without the use of exogenous growth factors. Histology demonstrated cartilage growth for all experimental ratios at the post\u2013in vivo time point confirmed with type II collagen immunohistochemistry. There was no difference in sulfated\u2010glycosaminoglycan production between experimental groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tissue\u2010engineered cartilage was successfully produced on 3D\u2010printed bioresorbable scaffolds using an adipose\u2010derived stem cell and chondrocyte co\u2010culture technique. This potentiates co\u2010culture as a solution for several key barriers to a clinically translatable cartilage tissue engineering process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA. <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 128:E251\u2013E257, 2018<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T15:01:47Z","timestamp":1524063707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Co\u2010culture of adipose\u2010derived stem cells and chondrocytes on three\u2010dimensionally printed bioscaffolds for craniofacial cartilage engineering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2313-8542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan B.","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled N.","family":"Kashlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Henry Ford Hospital  Detroit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Zopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Milner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace A. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen L.","family":"Flanangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carel R. 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