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Search terms included \u201claryngotracheal reconstruction,\u201d \u201claryngotracheoplasty,\u201d \u201cpig and larynx,\u201d \u201csheep and larynx,\u201d and \u201crabbit and larynx.\u201d Articles were then assessed, identifying model cost and availability, model validation, feasibility as a training tool, and verisimilitude to pediatric LTR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 79 articles were considered suitable for inclusion in the study, incorporating both in vitro and in vivo models. Models utilized included rabbit (n\u2009=\u200969), pig (n\u2009=\u20097), sheep (n\u2009=\u20091), and goat (n\u2009=\u20092). The rabbit model was similar in size to the neonate, but differences in laryngeal anatomy and cartilage texture made graft insertion difficult. The anatomy of the pig, sheep, and goat larynges more closely resembled the pediatric patient, allowing improved grafting, but corresponded more in size to that of an older child. Commercial availability of the pig and sheep was considered greatest, and was reflected in cost. None of the animal models identified in the literature have been validated as a simulation tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rabbit, sheep and pig models seemed to demonstrate the greatest potential for use as advanced pediatric airway surgery simulation models, with the rabbit model being most utilized in the literature. However, as yet there have been no models formally validated as a simulation training tool. <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 129:235\u2013243, 2019<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T12:52:43Z","timestamp":1539694363000},"page":"235-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A systematic review of simulated laryngotracheal reconstruction animal models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Milner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Royal Hospital for Children  Glasgow United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Okhovat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Royal Hospital for Children  Glasgow United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Royal Hospital for Children  Glasgow United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Wynne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Royal Hospital for Children  Glasgow United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thushitha","family":"Kunanandam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Royal Hospital for Children  Glasgow United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(00)70145-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200101000-00009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"CD006575","article-title":"Virtual reality training for surgical trainees in laparoscopic surgery","author":"Gurusamy KS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318176bf24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000200839.93965.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31824aca09"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"SturmL.Surgical simulation for training: skills transfer to the operating room. 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