{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:28:47Z","timestamp":1770355727643,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["848458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["848458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>To reverse sarcopenia and increase the volumes of atrophied laryngeal muscles by functional electrical stimulation (FES) using a minimal invasive surgical procedure in an aged ovine model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective animal study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A stimulation electrode was placed unilaterally near the terminal adduction branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) adjacent to the right cricothyroid joint. The electrode was connected to an implant located subcutaneously at the neck region. Predesigned training patterns were automatically delivered by a bidirectional radio frequency link using a programming device and were repeated automatically by the implant every other day over 11 weeks in the awake animal. Outcome parameters comprised volumetric measurements based on three\u2010dimensional reconstructions of the entire thyroarytenoid muscle (TAM), as well as gene expression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found significant increases of the volumes of the stimulated TAM of 11% and the TAM diameter at the midmembranous parts of the vocal folds of nearly 40%. Based on gene expression, we did not detect a shift of muscle fiber composition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>FES of the terminal branches of the RLN is a secure and effective way to reverse the effects of age\u2010related TAM atrophy and to increase volumes of atrophied muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 128:2852\u20132857, 2018<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T19:19:34Z","timestamp":1538767174000},"page":"2852-2857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Functional Electrical Stimulation Leads to Increased Volume of the Aged Thyroarytenoid Muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8091-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Gugatschka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phoniatrics  Medical University Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences  Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences  Royal Veterinary College  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Bubalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research  Medical University Graz  Graz 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Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200002010-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20890"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200111000-00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22397"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25398"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24642"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","article-title":"Phonation analysis combined with 3D reconstruction of the thyroarytenoid muscle in aged ovine ex vivo larynx models [published online 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