{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:42:30Z","timestamp":1760985750124,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DC000027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DC000027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Describe the secondary capability of a robotic system to provide real\u2010time measurements of airway dimensions with high fidelity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven unique phantoms of laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) were modeled using a computer\u2010aided design tool and were three dimensionally printed. These stenoses were of different dimensions and orientations, and some were purposefully oblique. The dimensions of the stenoses were then measured with the novel Robotic ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat) Microsurgery System (REMS; Galen Robotics, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) because it is capable of tool position memory in three dimensional (3D) space. Five participants (two laryngologists, two otolaryngology\u2013head and neck surgery residents, one neurotology fellow) measured each axis of stenosis (anteroposterior, lateral, and craniocaudal) three times for each of the seven stenosis phantoms. These measurements were then compared to the known design dimensions. Mean magnitude of error (MOE) and interrater reliability (IRR) using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were then calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean MOE and standard deviation for all measurements was 0.306\u2009\u00b1\u20090.247\u2009mm. Mean MOE was 0.374\u2009\u00b1\u20090.292\u2009mm, 0.300\u2009\u00b1\u20090.237\u2009mm, and 0.244\u2009\u00b1\u20090.185\u2009mm for the anteroposterior, lateral, and craniocaudal dimensions of stenosis, respectively. Eighty\u2010two percent of all measurements had MOE\u2009&lt;\u20090.5\u2009mm. ICC was 0.945 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.847\u20130.989), 0.995 (95% CI: 0.984\u20130.999), and 0.993 (95% CI: 0.987\u20130.999) for anteroposterior, lateral, and craniocaudal dimensions, respectively, indicating excellent agreement among participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The REMS can be used to reliably and accurately measure airway dimensions in 3D regardless of the orientation of stenosis. This ability may be easily extrapolated to the measurement of any airway lesion during laryngotracheal surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 129:324\u2013329, 2019<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T08:54:16Z","timestamp":1542358456000},"page":"324-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Real\u2010time robotic airway measurement: An additional benefit of a novel steady\u2010hand robotic platform"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Razavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3131-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis X.","family":"Creighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Wilkening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Peine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8925-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee M.","family":"Akst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)31419-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00020840-200312000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"982","volume-title":"Cummings Otolaryngology","author":"Hetal H","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2015.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410300410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910800904"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0475-0"},{"volume-title":"Essential Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery","year":"2012","author":"Lee KJ","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivt015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510400104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000186657.62474.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489416655353"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00041809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26667"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26621"},{"volume-title":"Steady hand micromanipulation robot","year":"2014","author":"Olds KCB","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1"},{"volume-title":"Robotic assistant systems for otolaryngology\u2013head and neck surgery. 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