{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:57:59Z","timestamp":1793404679335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the instruments for evaluating the clinical findings (ICFs) of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) designed for use with regard to diagnosis and treatment effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were used to search for subject headings following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Three investigators retrieved relevant studies published between 1990 and 2018 describing the evolution of laryngopharyngeal findings throughout LPR treatment. Issues of clinical relevance, that is, LPR diagnosis, treatments, and signs assessed for diagnosis or as therapeutic outcomes, were assessed. The investigators also evaluated the psychometric properties (conceptual model, content validity, consistency, reliability, concordance, convergent validity, known\u2010groups validity, responsiveness to change, and interpretability) of the ICF. The risk of bias was assessed with the tool of the Clarity Group and Evidence Partners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search identified 1,227 publications with a total of 4,735 LPR patients; of these studies, 53 met the inclusion criteria. Of these 53 studies, we identified 10 unvalidated and six validated ICFs. None of the validated ICFs included all the psychometric properties. The main identified deficiencies related to ICF psychometric validation included variable construct validity, disparate and uncertain reliabilities, and a lack of interpretability. The lack of consideration of certain LPR laryngeal and extralaryngeal signs is the main weakness of ICFs, biasing content, and construct validities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The low specificity of LPR signs, the lack of consideration of many findings, and the absence of a gold standard for diagnosis constitute barriers to the further validation of these ICFs. Additional studies are needed to develop complete and reliable ICFs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 129:720\u2013736, 2019<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T11:28:11Z","timestamp":1538825291000},"page":"720-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Instruments evaluating the clinical findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Study Group of Young Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto\u2010rhino\u2010laryngological Societies (YO\u2010IFOS)  Mons"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Experimental Oncology Mons School of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology  Mons"},{"name":"Laboratory of Phonetics, Faculty of Psychology, Research Institute for Language Sciences and Technology  University of Mons (UMons)  Mons"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Study Group of Young Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto\u2010rhino\u2010laryngological Societies (YO\u2010IFOS)  Mons"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint\u2010Pierre, School of Medicine Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles  Brussels"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa G.","family":"De Marrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Study Group of Young Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto\u2010rhino\u2010laryngological Societies (YO\u2010IFOS)  Mons"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1493-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Latif","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Li\u00e8ge, Faculty of Medicine University of Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2488-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros D.","family":"Karkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Study Group of Young Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto\u2010rhino\u2010laryngological Societies (YO\u2010IFOS)  Mons"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Phoniatric Unit, L. 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