{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:01:58Z","timestamp":1774360918896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]],"date-time":"2018-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC011759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC011759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC015545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC015545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhaled pollutants can contact vocal fold tissue and induce detrimental voice changes. Acrolein is a pollutant in cigarette smoke and can also be inhaled during the combustion of fossil fuels, animal fats, and plastics in the environment. However, the vocal fold pathological changes induced by acrolein and the underlying inflammatory pathways are not well understood. These biologic data are needed to understand why voice problems may result from pollutant exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>In vivo prospective design with experimental and control groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sprague\u2010Dawley male rats (N\u2009=\u200936) were exposed to acrolein (3\u2009ppm) or filtered air (control) through a whole\u2010body exposure system for 5 hours\/day, for 5 days\/week, over 4 weeks. Histopathological changes, presence of edema, expression of proinflammatory cytokines and markers, and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa\u2010light\u2010chain\u2010enhancer of activated B cells (NF\u2010\u03baB) were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histological evaluation and quantification demonstrated that subacute acrolein exposure induced significant vocal fold edema. Acrolein exposure also induced epithelial sloughing and cell death. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed a significant upregulation of genes encoding interferon regulatory factor and chitinase\u20103\u2010like protein 3. Western blot revealed a 76.8% increase in phosphorylation of NF\u2010\u03baB P65 after subacute acrolein exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that 4\u2010week exposures to 3\u2009ppm acrolein induce vocal fold inflammation manifested as edema, related to the activation of NF\u2010\u03baB signaling. The edema may underlie the voice changes reported in speakers exposed to pollutants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 129:E313\u2013E317, 2019<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]],"date-time":"2018-12-24T08:28:57Z","timestamp":1545640137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Subacute acrolein exposure to rat larynx in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail C.","family":"Durkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Schrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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