{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:07:05Z","timestamp":1789168025919,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of the microbiome in the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is still in debate. Reductions in richness and diversity have been implicated in CRS; however, limited knowledge exists regarding the impact of the severity of disease on the microbiome. The associations between constituents of the microbiome and the degree of mucosal inflammation and tissue eosinophilia are described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study of CRS and non\u2010CRS patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery was performed. Sinus mucosal biopsies were assessed for the degree of inflammation and tissue eosinophilia. Middle\u2010meatal swabs were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which quantified the prevalence, mean relative abundance, richness, and diversity. Comparisons between the microbiome at the genus level and degree of inflammation (absent, mild, moderate, severe) and tissue eosinophilia (absent, &lt; 10, 10\u2013100, &gt; 100 per high\u2010powered field) were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight\u2010nine patients (52.8 \u00b1 14.21 years, 64.0% male) were assessed. Of those, 52 had CRS and 37 were controls. <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> were the most abundant genera in both the CRS (29% and 16%) and non\u2010CRS groups (40% and 20%). Richness decreased in more severely inflamed patients (23.2 \u00b1 13.9 vs. 18.1 \u00b1 16.1 vs. 16.8 \u00b1 12.3 vs. 14.7 \u00b1 10.9; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), as did diversity (1.4 \u00b1 0.7 vs. 1.2 \u00b1 1.0 vs. 1.2 \u00b1 0.8 vs. 0.9 \u00b1 0.7; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.05). Richness was associated with higher tissue eosinophilia (23.2 \u00b1 13.9 vs. 19.3 \u00b1 17.2 vs. 15.9 \u00b1 11.6 vs. 13.4 \u00b1 6.6; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The loss of richness and diversity seen in the CRS microbiome appears to be a product of severity of inflammation and tissue eosinophilia. Whether this dysbiosis is causative or a result of the disease with impaired epithelial integrity requires ongoing research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 129:1265\u20131273, 2019<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T20:20:10Z","timestamp":1548274810000},"page":"1265-1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The Association Between Disease Severity and Microbiome in Chronic Rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0643-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren","family":"Rom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5545-0194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bassiouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Eykman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology St Vincent's Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathish","family":"Paramasivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Earls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology St Vincent's Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkis J.","family":"Psaltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group St. Vincent's Centre for Applied 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