{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:24:58Z","timestamp":1760217898673,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize the sex distribution and sex data handling in published otolaryngology research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Published research data analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total number of male and female participants, study characteristics, and sex data handling were abstracted from all original studies containing human participants published in five major otolaryngology journals from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2006.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 1,128 studies from 2016 included in the analysis, 88.5% specified the sex of participants. There were 3,605,636 (42.1%) men and 4,515,508 (52.8%) women, with 429,006 (5.0%) participants unspecified. However, the average proportions of male and female participants (wherein studies are weighted the same, regardless of number of participants) were 0.579 and 0.421, respectively. Studies from the United States had a significantly higher proportion of women than studies from outside the United States. Subspecialties varied significantly in proportions. Average sex proportions in 2016 remained similar to those in 2006. For all studies, fewer than 40% of studies used any sex data for reporting of outcomes, for any sex\u2010related analysis, or for discussion of results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a higher average proportion of male participants than female. Studies originating in the United States included a greater number of female participants than those originating elsewhere, a possible result of explicit sex\u2010inclusion policies governing research in the United States. Inclusion of women did not changed from 2006 to 2016, but analysis of sex data improved. Improvement of reporting, analysis, and discussion with regard to sex would benefit otolaryngology research and improve treatment for both sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 129:E420\u2013E427, 2019<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T10:42:15Z","timestamp":1551436935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex distribution and sex data handling in published otolaryngology research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3862-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6464-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Belcastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A"},{"name":"Division of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences Duke University  Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Boston Medical Center  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries","year":"2006","author":"Buvini\u0107 M","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200948030-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02594.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Office of Research on Women's Health. Report of the advisory committee on research on women's health fiscal years 2015 and 2016. Available at:https:\/\/orwh.od.nih.gov\/sites\/orwh\/files\/docs\/ORWH_Biennial_Report_WEB_508_FY-15-16.pdf. Updated September 17 2017. Accessed June 29 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Frequently asked questions. Inclusion on the basis of sex\/gender and race\/ethnicity. Available at:https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/funding\/inclusion-basis-on-sex-gender-race-ethnicity-faq.htm. Updated May 23 2018. Accessed June 29 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Minister of Health. Therapeutic products programme guidelines: inclusion of women. Available at:http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2013\/sc-hc\/H42-2-38-1991-eng.pdf. Updated April 17 1997. Accessed June 29 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Gender considerations in the conduct of clinical trials. Available at:http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Scientific_guideline\/2010\/01\/WC500059887.pdf. Updated January 5 2005. Accessed June 29 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01824.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Gender balance in cardiovascular research\u2014importance to women's health","volume":"38","author":"Dougherty AH","year":"2011","journal-title":"Texas Hear Inst J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0278-17.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. U.S. Cancer Statistics Data Visualizations Tool Based on November 2017 Submission Data (1999\u20102015). Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control; 2018. Available at:https:\/\/gis.cdc.gov\/Cancer\/USCS\/DataViz.html. Accessed June 29 2018."},{"volume-title":"Consideration of sex as a biological variable in NIH\u2010funded research","author":"National Institutes of Health","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2469"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flary.27871","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.27871","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.27871","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.27871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T08:30:00Z","timestamp":1694248200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.27871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.27871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.27871","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0023-852X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1531-4995"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}