{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T22:08:39Z","timestamp":1779919719065,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG021917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG021917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the 10\u2010year incidence of hearing impairment (HI) and associated risk factors in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS; 2004\u2013present), a large middle\u2010aged cohort followed for 10\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hearing thresholds were measured at baseline (2005\u20132008) and 5\u2010 (2010\u20132013) and 10\u2010year (2015\u20132017) follow\u2010up examinations. HI was defined as a pure\u2010tone average\u2009&gt;25 dB HL in either ear. BOSS participants free of HI at baseline with at least one follow\u2010up examination (N = 2,065) were included. Potential risk factors evaluated included cardiovascular measures, health history, lifestyle factors, inflammatory markers, vitamins D and B12, lead, and cadmium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were 21 to 79\u2009years (mean age = 47.9\u2009years) at baseline. The 10\u2010year cumulative HI incidence was 17.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.7\u201319.2) and was twice as likely in men (24.4%, 95% CI: 21.5\u201327.7) than in women (12.2%, 95% CI: 10.3\u201314.3). In a multivariable adjusted model, age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.38\u20131.59, per 5\u2009years), male sex (HR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.91\u20133.18), less than a college education (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.79), body mass index (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.05, per kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), and higher cadmium levels (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.05\u20131.92, quintile 5 vs. quintiles 1\u20134) were associated with the 10\u2010year cumulative incidence of HI. There was no association between high lead levels, vitamins D or B12, and 10\u2010year incidence of HI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In addition to age and sex, obesity, education, and blood cadmium levels were associated with increased incidence of HI. These prospective results add to evidence that age\u2010related HI is a multifactorial preventable disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2b <jats:bold><jats:italic>Laryngoscope, 130:1396\u20131401, 2020<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T13:29:12Z","timestamp":1566221352000},"page":"1396-1401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cadmium, obesity, and education, and the 10\u2010year incidence of hearing impairment: The beaver dam offspring study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Dayna S.","family":"Dalton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin \u2013 Madison  Madison Wisconsin U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8837-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla R.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin \u2013 Madison  Madison Wisconsin U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin \u2013 Madison  Madison Wisconsin U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin \u2013 Madison  Madison Wisconsin U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan\u2010Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Statistics National Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara E. 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