{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:25:48Z","timestamp":1790295948618,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Idiopathic progressive subglottic stenosis (IPSS) predominantly affects females in perimenopause. It has, therefore, been hypothesized that estrogen is involved in its pathogenesis. There are two main types of estrogen receptors: ER\u2010\u03b1 and ER\u2010\u03b2. Abnormal variants of ER\u2010\u03b2 have previously been shown to be associated with poor wound healing. Estrogen receptors have recently been identified in subglottic tissue samples, with elevated levels of ER\u2010\u03b1 and progesterone receptors, and no expression of ER\u2010\u03b2, in stenotic specimens reported in one study. The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of estrogen receptors in the subglottis and investigate levels of expression and types of estrogen receptors in normal and stenotic subglottic tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subglottic tissue was obtained from three female and one male cadaver without laryngotracheal pathology to serve as controls. Subglottic tissue specimens from five female patients with IPSS were also analysed. Immunofluorescence stains for ER\u2010\u03b1 and ER\u2010\u03b2 were performed on specimens. Staining patterns were compared qualitatively and semi\u2010qualitatively between control and IPSS specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunofluorescence stains demonstrated the presence of both ER\u2010\u03b1 and ER\u2010\u03b2 in subglottic tissue. IPSS specimens demonstrated significantly greater staining intensity of ER\u2010\u03b1 in the epithelium and ER\u2010\u03b2 in glands and ducts compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms the presence of estrogen receptors in the subglottis. Increased expression of ER\u2010\u03b1 in the epithelium and ER\u2010\u03b2 in glands and ducts in IPSS compared to controls may help to explain the predisposition to stenosis in these individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3b <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 130:2186\u20132191, 2020<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T19:26:09Z","timestamp":1571858769000},"page":"2186-2191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Increased Expression of Estrogen Receptor Beta in Idiopathic Progressive Subglottic Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3983-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward J.","family":"Damrose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University Medical Center  Stanford California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1219-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross David","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University Medical Center  Stanford California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University Medical Center  Stanford California 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