{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:36:48Z","timestamp":1783640208025,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]],"date-time":"2020-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN) provides direct motor innervation to the interarytenoid muscle, a laryngeal adductor critical for airway protection. We studied the iSLN\u2010evoked motor response in the interarytenoid and other laryngeal muscles. If the iSLN is purely sensory, there will be no detectable short latency motor response upon supramaximal stimulation, indicating the absence of a direct efferent conduction path.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intraoperative case series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In seven anesthetized patients undergoing laryngectomy for unilateral laryngeal carcinoma, the iSLN of the unaffected side was electrically stimulated intraoperatively with 0.1\u2010ms pulses of progressive intensities until supramaximal stimulation was reached. Electromyographic responses were measured in the ipsilateral interarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and cricothyroid muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>None of the subjects exhibited short\u2010latency interarytenoid motor responses to iSLN stimulation. Supramaximal electrical stimulation of the intact iSLN evoked ipsilateral motor responses with long latencies: 18.7\u201338.5\u2009ms in the interarytenoid (n = 6) and 17.8\u201324.9\u2009ms in the thyroarytenoid (n = 5). Supramaximal stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve evoked ipsilateral motor responses with short latencies: 1.6\u20133.9\u2009ms in the interarytenoid (n = 6) and 1.6\u20132.7\u2009ms in the thyroarytenoid (n = 6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The iSLN provides no functional efferent motor innervation to the interarytenoid muscles. The iSLN exclusively evokes an interarytenoid motor response via afferent activation of central neural circuits that mediate the laryngeal reflex arc. These findings suggest that the role of the iSLN in vital laryngopharyngeal functions, such as normal swallowing and protection of the airway from aspiration, is purely sensory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:E207\u2013E211, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]],"date-time":"2020-03-21T13:19:01Z","timestamp":1584796741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Internal Superior Laryngeal Nerve in Humans: Evidence for Pure Sensory Function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1312-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura F.","family":"Santoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Massachusetts Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery University of Massachusetts Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Massachusetts Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Y.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery University of Massachusetts Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Paydarfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Massachusetts Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.039966"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197211000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000187"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"The nerves of the human larynx","volume":"56","author":"Dilworth TFM","year":"1921","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100010148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199401000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199812)252:4<646::AID-AR15>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000154745.78808.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1008049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-998497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"ToddHH. 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