{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T15:20:39Z","timestamp":1789226439024,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>A limited number of three\u2010dimensionally (3D)\u2010printed laryngeal simulators have been described in the literature, only one of which is specifically designed for percutaneous injection laryngoplasty (PIL) training and is currently of limited availability. This study describes the development and evaluation of a high\u2010fidelity, open\u2010source, low\u2010cost 3D\u2010printed simulator for PIL training, improving on existing models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simulator design and survey evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Computed tomography scans of the upper airways were processed with 3D Slicer to generate a computer model of the endolarynx. Blender and Fusion 360 were used to refine the mucosal model and develop casts for silicone injection molding. The casted endolaryngeal structures were inserted into a modified version of a publicly available laryngeal cartilage model. The final models were evaluated by 10 expert laryngologists using a customized version of the Michigan Standard Simulation Experience Scale. Internal consistency and interrater reliability of the survey were evaluated using Cronbach's \u03b1 and intraclass correlation, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expert laryngologists highly rated the model for measures of fidelity, educational value, and overall quality (mean = 4.8, standard deviation = 0.5; 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). All reviewers rated the model as ready for use as is or with slight modifications. The filament needed for one cartilage model costs $0.96, whereas the silicone needed for one soft\u2010tissue model costs $1.89.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using 3D\u2010printing technology, we successfully created the first open\u2010source, low\u2010cost, and anatomically accurate laryngeal model for injection laryngoplasty training. Our simulator is made freely available for download on Wikifactory with step\u2010by\u2010step tutorials for 3D printing, silicone molding, assembly, and use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:E890\u2013E895, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T19:43:39Z","timestamp":1596570219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["An Open\u2010Source Three\u2010Dimensionally Printed Laryngeal Model for Injection Laryngoplasty Training"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelston","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Andreadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1543-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Rameau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-016-1455-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000595"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2013.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815590118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26230"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414539922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111001207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"LeeM AngC AndreadisK ShinJ RameauA. 3D Larynx Surgery Trainer. Wikifactory website. Available at:https:\/\/wikifactory.com\/@3dlaryngology\/3d-larynx-surgery-trainer. Updated March 2020. Accessed May 17 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0634-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-0035-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"New technologies for teaching and learning: challenges for higher learning institutions in developing countries","volume":"3","author":"Sife A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Educ Dev Using ICT"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flary.28952","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.28952","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.28952","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.28952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T16:26:17Z","timestamp":1693671977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.28952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.28952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.28952","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}