{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:05:21Z","timestamp":1779253521073,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the burden of depressed mood and anxiety in COVID\u201019, and associated disease characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a prospective, cross\u2010sectional study of 114 COVID\u201019 positive patients diagnosed using RT\u2010PCR\u2010based testing over a 6\u2010week period. The two\u2010item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ\u20102) and the two\u2010item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD\u20102) were used to measure depressed mood and anxiety level, respectively, at enrollment and for participants' baseline, pre\u2010COVID\u201019 state. Severity of smell loss, loss of taste, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea\/mucus production, fever, cough, and shortness of breath (SOB) during COVID\u201019 were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PHQ\u20102 and GAD\u20102 significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u2009.001) increased from baseline to enrollment. PHQ\u20102 was associated with smell loss (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] = 1.40, 95% CI, 1.10\u20131.78, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u2009.006), age (aIRR = 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.04, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u2009.006), and baseline PHQ\u20102 score (aIRR = 1.39, 95% CI, 1.09\u20131.76, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u2009.007). GAD\u20102 score was associated with smell loss (aIRR = 1.29, 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.62, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u2009.035), age (aIRR = 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.04, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u2009.025) and baseline GAD\u20102 score (aIRR = 1.55, 95% CI, 1.24\u20131.93, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u2009.001). Loss of taste also exhibited similar associations with PHQ\u20102 and GAD\u20102. PHQ\u20102 and GAD\u20102 scores were not associated with severities of any other symptoms during the COVID\u201019 course.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the occurrence of symptoms\u2014such as SOB\u2014associated with severe manifestations of COVID\u201019, only the severities of smell and taste loss were associated with depressed mood and anxiety. These results may raise the novel possibility of emotional disturbance as a CNS manifestation of COVID\u201019 given trans\u2010olfactory tract penetration of the central nervous system (CNS) by coronaviruses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 130:2520\u20132525, 2020<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T03:54:52Z","timestamp":1593748492000},"page":"2520-2525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Mood, Anxiety and Olfactory Dysfunction in <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019: Evidence of Central Nervous System Involvement?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Marlene M.","family":"Speth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2010 Head and Neck Surgery Kantonsspital Aarau  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