{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T15:30:46Z","timestamp":1747150246975,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>To further clinically characterize lingual hamartomas, and to consolidate literature by analyzing clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective chart review and literature review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case series from 1989 to 2020 at a tertiary pediatric center; follow\u2010up ranging from 2\u2009months to 12\u2009years. Patient demographics, clinical presentations, physical examination findings, surgical pathology, operative methods, pre\u2010operative imaging, and follow\u2010up. A review of English\u2010language literature from 1945 to 2020 was conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven patients (four male, three female) with nine lingual hamartomas were identified. Average age at surgical excision was 7.9\u2009months (SD 3.5\u2009months, range 3 to 14\u2009months). Follow\u2010up ranged from 2\u2009months to 12\u2009years, with all patients having no recurrence. Physical examination identified five pedunculated hamartomas and two sessile hamartomas. One patient had a neck CT, one had neck ultrasound, and two had facial MRIs. CT and ultrasounds confirmed presence of cervical thyroid. MRI suggested no muscular invasion for one patient, whereas motion artifact obscured findings for the other patient. Most patients who presented with dysphagia or poor weight gain achieved post\u2010surgical improvement. The present cases combined with the literature review identified 57 patients with 63 lingual hamartomas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lingual hamartomas appear as hypovascular pedunculated masses near the foramen cecum. There is no demographic predisposition, and most are identified during infancy. Imaging is not necessary, unless there is concern for lingual thyroid, in which case thyroid ultrasound should be performed. Surgical excision is curative, with dysphagia resolution and low likelihood for recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:E2080\u2013E2088, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T15:46:37Z","timestamp":1606837597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lingual Hamartomas: Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Evaluation, Treatment, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Chun Carol","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Texas Children's Hospital  Houston Texas U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. John","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Texas Children's Hospital  Houston Texas U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Sitton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Texas Children's Hospital  Houston Texas U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-194503000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3180674dd7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896919843337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1956.03830160037006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1968.00770010173011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"Recurrent aspiration pneumonitis in a cleft palate child with hamartoma of the tongue","volume":"18","author":"Demuth RJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988409200322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198502000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-2391(86)80012-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(89)90068-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90348-p"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100132402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(95)01206-q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263x.1999.00116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.21008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Lingual hamartoma in an infant: CT and MR imaging","volume":"28","author":"Goold AL","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00518.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.06.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Leiomyomatous hamartoma of the tongue in an infant: a case report","volume":"79","author":"Nakanishi K","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dent Child (Chic)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014556131409310-1102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/16741.8399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ors.12296"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4162436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-019-01024-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/213630-016-0034-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215011907578"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.2.1750489"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949610500414"},{"volume-title":"Human Embryology","year":"1953","author":"Patten BM","key":"e_1_2_6_37_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1963.02080050612012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947708600621"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1966.03100020121040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Lingual thyroid causing dysphagia and dyspnoea. 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