{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T23:24:50Z","timestamp":1774653890102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prognosis of post\u2010traumatic olfactory dysfunction is poor, with medical treatment options showing limited success rates. Olfactory training (OT) has been introduced as a potential therapeutic option in olfactory dysfunction. We aimed to identify the imaging features that would predict a better response to OT and create an imaging\u2010based prognostic scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed 52 patients that underwent OT at our center for post\u2010traumatic olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory functions at the time of initial presentation and at completion of OT were evaluated using Sniffin\u2019 Sticks test and threshold discrimination identification (TDI) scores were calculated. Patients were divided into responders (ROT group: 16 cases) and non\u2010responders (n\u2010ROT group: 36 cases) to OT based on TDI score change (cut\u2010off 5.5 point).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Morphological measurements of olfactory fossa, olfactory bulb volume and signal abnormalities, olfactory nerve filia integrity, siderosis, encephalomalacic changes in olfactory cortex, and other cortical regions were reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender distribution, olfactory dysfunction duration, head\u2010trauma severity, and initial TDI scores. A model incorporating five variables: cribriform plate fracture, olfactory fossa depth (cut\u2010off: 4.9\u2009mm), olfactory bulb encephalomalacia, olfactory bulb volume (cut\u2010off: 27.1\u2009mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>), and siderosis was developed. This model had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.950, and a cut\u2010off value of 1 had 76.5% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity in prediction of response to OT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed an imaging\u2010based scoring system with good specificity that can be used as an adjunctive tool for patient counseling, and optimal selection of management options.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:E2243\u2013E2250, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T23:48:12Z","timestamp":1610754492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Imaging Features to Predict Response to Olfactory Training in Post\u2010Traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0794-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aytug","family":"Altundag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0959-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Saatci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Istanbul Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-4062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sedat G.","family":"Kandemirli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6545-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz E. 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