{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:00:21Z","timestamp":1782288021387,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 3 million incidents of facial trauma occur each year in the United States. This study aims to determine trends in operative middle and upper maxillofacial trauma in one of the largest US cities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective case\u2010control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective chart review of all operative middle and upper maxillofacial trauma from July 1993 to July 2010 presenting to Los Angeles County Hospital, a Level I Trauma Center. Data included demographics, mechanism of injury, and fracture characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis was performed for a total of 4,299 patients and 5,549 facial fractures. Mean patient age was 34.6, and most patients were male (88%). Between the two time periods (1993\u20132001 and 2002\u20132010), there was a 42% reduction in operative maxillofacial trauma (3,510 to 2,039). Orbital floor and zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures were the most prevalent types of fractures. Panfacial fractures demonstrated the largest reduction in number of fractures (325 to 5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). Assault and motor vehicle accidents (MVA) were the two most common mechanisms of injury. Operative fractures due to MVAs decreased (390 to 214, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.74), whereas fractures due to assault increased (749 to 800, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). Compared to adults, pediatric facial trauma (age\u2009&lt;\u200918) were caused by a higher percentage of MVAs (27% vs. 13%), auto versus pedestrian (9% vs. 5%), and gunshot wounds (8% vs. 4%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Operative middle and upper maxillofacial trauma decreased over a 17\u2010year period. Assault was the most significant mechanism of trauma overall. These trends suggest that focusing future prevention strategies on curtailing interpersonal violence may more effectively address the burden of facial trauma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:1985\u20131989, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T04:13:04Z","timestamp":1613275984000},"page":"1985-1989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Trends in Operative Complex Middle and Upper Maxillofacial Trauma: A <scp>17\u2010Year<\/scp> Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4821-8722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiyi","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California  Los Angeles California U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Los Angeles County Medical Center  Los Angeles California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Paquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Biltmore ENT, Facial Plastics &amp; Allergy  Phoenix Arizona U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"O'Dell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California  Los Angeles California U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Los Angeles County Medical Center  Los Angeles California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Reinstadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surger The Ocean Clinic  Newport Beach California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Kokot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California  Los Angeles California U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Los Angeles County Medical Center  Los Angeles California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Granzow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Harbor\u2010UCLA Medical Center and the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine  Los Angeles California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara N.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California  Los Angeles California U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Los Angeles County Medical Center  Los Angeles California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0197-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Kochhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Pacific Neuroscience Institute of Providence Saint John's Health  Santa Monica California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Plastic Surgery Emergencies: Principles and Techniques","author":"Bullocks JM","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811429007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200201000-00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.Xxx. 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