{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T13:52:16Z","timestamp":1775829136414,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the use of a three\u2010dimensional (3D) printed, multilayer facial flap model for use in trainee education as an alternative method of teaching surgical techniques of facial reconstruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 3D printed facial flap simulator was designed from a computed tomography scan and manufactured out of silicone for low\u2010cost, high\u2010fidelity simulation. This simulator was tested by a group of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery trainees at a single institution. The simulator group was compared to a control group who completed an exercise on a traditional paper facial flap exercise. Both groups underwent didactic lectures prior to completing their respective exercises. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010exercise Likert scale surveys measuring experience, understanding, effectiveness, and realism were completed by both groups. Central tendency, variability, and confidence intervals were measured to evaluate the outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trainees completing the facial flap simulator reported a statistically significant (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) improvement in overall expertise in facial flap procedures, design of facial flaps, and excision of standing cutaneous deformities. No statistically significant improvement was seen in the control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trainees found the facial flap simulator to be an effective and useful training tool with a high level of realism in surgical education of facial reconstruction. Surgical simulators can serve as an adjunct to trainee education, especially during extraordinary times such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, which significantly impacted surgical training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:E2444\u2013E2448, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1614768490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Addressing the Pandemic Training Deficiency: Filling the Void with Simulation in Facial Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9889-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiayin F.","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University Michigan Health Systems  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudharsan","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University Michigan Health Systems  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University Michigan Health Systems  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn E.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Health Systems, CS Mott Children's Hospital  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Zopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Health Systems, CS Mott Children's Hospital  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2017.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31826dbca5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.1237"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414539922"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215119002585"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction","author":"Baker SR","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","article-title":"Local flaps for facial reconstruction.\u201d Open Access Atlas of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Operative","author":"Yang SF","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2019.0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"Residency Policy Changes from COVID.American Board of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery. 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An assessment of resident experiences in cities of major virus outbreak","volume":"28","author":"An TW","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"e381\u2013e386","article-title":"An evaluation of neurosurgical resident education and sentiment during the COVID\u201019 pandemic: a north American survey","volume":"140","author":"Pelargos PE","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.29490","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.29490","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.29490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T22:27:00Z","timestamp":1693348020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.29490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.29490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.29490","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}