{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T02:01:47Z","timestamp":1776304907612,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005937","name":"Cheng Hsin General Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study is to determine if different facial muscle groups demonstrate different responses to facial nerve stimulation, the results of which could potentially improve intraoperative facial nerve monitoring (IOFNM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IOFNM data were prospectively collected from patients undergoing cochlear implantation. At different stages of nerve exposure, three sites were stimulated using a monopolar pulse. Peak electromyography (EMG) amplitude (\u03bcV) in four muscle groups innervated by four different branches of the facial nerve (frontalis\u2010temporal, inferior orbicularis oculi\u2010zygomatic, superior oribularis oris\u2010buccal, and mentalis\u2010marginal mandibular) were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 279 peak EMG amplitudes were recorded in 93 patients. At all three stimulating sites, the zygomatic branch mean peak EMG amplitudes were statistically greater than those of the temporal, buccal, and marginal mandibular branches (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.05). At stimulating Site C, the marginal mandibular branch mean peak EMG was stronger than the temporal or buccal branches (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.05). Of the 279 stimulations, the zygomatic branch demonstrated the highest amplitude in 128 (45.9%) trials, followed by the marginal mandibular branch (22.2%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>When utilized, IOFNM should be performed with at least two electrodes, one of which is placed in the orbicularis oculi muscles and the other in the mentalis muscle. However, there is wide variability between patients. As such, in cases of suspected variant nerve anatomy or increased risk of injury (intradural procedures), surgeons should consider using more than two recording electrodes, with at least one in the orbicularis oculi muscle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:E2329\u2013E2334, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T09:52:20Z","timestamp":1616406740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimizing Location of Subdermal Recording Electrodes for Intraoperative Facial Nerve Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lieber Po\u2010Hung","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Brain Science National Yang\u2010Ming Chiao\u2010Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Cheng Hsin General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, College of Health Technology National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua Kuang\u2010Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6485-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820915458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200105000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23363"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2019.1592223"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.5.JNS091854"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001137"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199605000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"494","article-title":"Prognostic significance of intraoperative facial nerve stimulus thresholds","volume":"18","author":"Zeitouni AG","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.5541040506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200503000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110400602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(98)90103-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974X18791803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814537223"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00169030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488209130897"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Facial nerve fiber orientation, linkage between central nervous organization and muscular function","author":"Radpour S","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487609119946"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318171975e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Medtronic NIM\u2010pulse 3.0 user manual. 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