{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:48:29Z","timestamp":1786978109898,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initial management and stabilization of epistaxis is managed by a diverse offset of clinical providers with variable levels of training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the anatomic and clinical fidelity and ease of use of a novel simulator for the training and assessment of epistaxis management skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative Research Study using expert questionnaire's for validation of a newly developed simulator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a quasi\u2010experimental intervention with 22 otolaryngology faculty and 10 trainees who independently evaluated the simulator. Data were collected in three phases: phase 1 (preliminary evaluation), phase 2 (final expert evaluation), and phase 3 (trainee evaluation). We designed a three\u2010dimensional (3D) printed model from a de\u2010identified patient computed tomography scan. Artificial blood was circulated through catheters to simulate bleeding from three distinct sites (sphenopalatine, Kiesselbach's plexus, and anterior ethmoid). Four domains were assessed: \u201cPhysical and anatomic attributes,\u201d \u201cRealism of experience,\u201d \u201cAbility to perform tasks,\u201d and \u201cValue and clinical relevance.\u201d Internal structure and validity were measured with Cronbach's alpha and item outfit mean\u2010square statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results from otolaryngology faculty showed very high median ratings for \u201cValue of the simulator as a training tool\u201d (4.0\/4) and high ratings for \u201cRelevance to practice\u201d (4.0\/4), and realism of experience (4.0\/4). Responses from otolaryngology trainees demonstrated high value for clinical training (4.0\/4) and high likelihood to recommend use for future trainees (4.0\/4). Confidence in managing epistaxis before (1.0\/4) and after (3.0\/4) simulator use was statistically improved (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using 3D printing technology, we created a novel simulator for epistaxis management. Preliminary evidence suggests the model is cost\u2010effective, anatomically realistic, relevant to trainees' educational needs, and valuable as a training tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3\n                      <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 132:747\u2013753, 2022\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T06:20:07Z","timestamp":1626502807000},"page":"747-753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["To Pack a Nose: High\u2010Fidelity Epistaxis Simulation Using\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    Printing Technology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca W.","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Medical Partners Maine Medical Center  Portland Maine U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Health Sciences University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Malloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle K.","family":"VanKoevering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"Maine Medical Partners Maine Medical Center  Portland Maine U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2017.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2014.0364"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RooneyDM TaiBL SagherO ShihAJ WilkinsonDA SavastanoLE.Simulator and 2 tools: validation of performance measures from a novel neurosurgery simulation model using the current standards framework.2016;160:571\u2013579.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2016.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000200839.93965.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2012.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.5220"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e31816fdd22"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25652"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12711"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education, Joint 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