{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T01:52:14Z","timestamp":1782525134620,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2UL1TR001425\u201005A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2UL1TR001425\u201005A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated speech acoustics and self\u2010reported vocal symptoms in mask\u2010wearing healthcare professionals. We hypothesized that there would be an attenuation of spectral energies and increase in vocal effort during masked speech compared to unmasked speech.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within and between subject quasi\u2010experimental design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively enrolled 21 healthcare providers (13 cisgender female, 8 cisgender male; <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a032.9\u2009years; SD\u00a0=\u00a07.9\u2009years) and assessed acoustics and perceptual measures with and without a face mask in place. Measurements included: 1) acoustic Vowel Articulation Index (VAI); 2) cepstral and spectral acoustic measures; 3) traditional vocal measures (e.g., fundamental frequency, intensity); 4) relative fundamental frequency (RFF); and 5) self\u2010reported ratings of vocal effort and dyspnea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During masked speech, there was a significant reduction in VAI, high\u2010frequency information (&gt;4\u2009kHz), and RFF offset 10, as well as a significant increase in cepstral peak prominence and perceived vocal effort. Further analysis showed that high\u2010frequency attenuation was more pronounced when wearing an N95 mask compared to a simple mask.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Face masks pose an additional barrier to effective communication that primarily impacts spectral characteristics, vowel space measures, and vocal effort. Future work should evaluate how long\u2010term mask use impacts vocal health and may contribute to vocal problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 132:391\u2013397, 2022<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1626864621000},"page":"391-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Impact of Face Masks on Speech Acoustics and Vocal Effort in Healthcare Professionals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4230-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria S.","family":"McKenna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney L.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulsi H.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee L.","family":"Gustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(97)80002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(93)90007-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817726528"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/023)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000179174.32345.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829309041465"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqg113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/sjph-2014-0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12745"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.19.9.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800710a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620903404803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"GoldinA WeinsteinBE&ShimanNHow do medical masks degrade speech perception? 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