{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:08:25Z","timestamp":1773212905549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the severity and duration of olfactory dysfunctions (OD), assessed with psychophysical tests, and the viral load on the rhino\u2010pharyngeal swab determined with a direct method, in patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients underwent psychophysical olfactory assessment with Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test and determination of the normalized viral load on nasopharyngeal swab within 10\u2009days of the clinical onset of COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty COVID\u201019 patients were included in this study. On psychophysical testing, 12 patients (20% of the cohort) presented with anosmia, 11 (18.3%) severe hyposmia, 13 (18.3%) moderate hyposmia, and 10 (16.7%) mild hyposmia with an overall prevalence of OD of 76.7%. The overall median olfactory score was 50 (interquartile range [IQR] 30\u201372.5) with no significant differences between clinical severity subgroups. The median normalized viral load detected in the series was 2.56E+06 viral copies\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> copies of human beta\u20102microglobulin mRNA present in the sample (IQR 3.17E+04\u20131.58E+07) without any significant correlations with COVID\u201019 severity. The correlation between viral load and olfactory scores at baseline (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.0007; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.844) and 60\u2010day follow\u2010up (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.0077; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.519) was weak and not significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of OD does not seem to be useful in identifying subjects at risk for being super\u2010spreaders or who is at risk of developing long\u2010term OD. Similarly, the pathogenesis of OD is probably related to individual factors rather than to viral load and activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 131:2312\u20132318, 2021<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T06:58:55Z","timestamp":1626764335000},"page":"2312-2318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Correlations Between Olfactory Psychophysical Scores and <scp>SARS\u2010CoV<\/scp>\u20102 Viral Load in <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Angelo","family":"Vaira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical Science PhD School, Biomedical Science Department University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Deiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science PhD School, Biomedical Science Department University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID\u201019 Task Force of the Young\u2010Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto\u2010rhino\u2010laryngological Societies (YO\u2010IFOS)  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology University of Mons (UMons)  Mons Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Dettori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arcadia","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science PhD School, Biomedical Science Department University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Saussez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID\u201019 Task Force of the Young\u2010Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto\u2010rhino\u2010laryngological Societies (YO\u2010IFOS)  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology University of Mons (UMons)  Mons Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Madeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Babudieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro G.","family":"Fois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clementina","family":"Cocuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Surgery Department Bicocca University of Milan  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Riu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Fausto","family":"Piana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science PhD School, Biomedical Science Department University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120001358"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820926464"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22593"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06548-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00449-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820929185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120001826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-020-01212-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31525-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120002455"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06868-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221512100116X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Six month follow\u2010up of self\u2010reported loss of smell during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Hopkins C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.102911"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.589409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"865","article-title":"Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID\u201019\u2010positive patients compared to subjective methods: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"45","author":"Hannum ME","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00324-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2021.1899282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of long\u2010lasting olfactory disorders in COVID\u201019 patients","volume":"59","author":"Vaira LA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30200-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02816-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63537"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab097"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01695-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.582802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.06.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02893-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01548-8"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.29777","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.29777","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.29777","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T08:02:16Z","timestamp":1692950536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.29777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.29777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.29777","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}