{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:56:31Z","timestamp":1792648591762,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate histologic changes in middle ear and eustachian tube (ET) mucosa of mice after exposure to tobacco or electronic cigarette (e\u2010cigarette) smoke. To determine whether there were any mitigating effects of middle ear application of anti\u2010IL\u201013 or the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist AG1478 on noted changes within ET mucosa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlled animal study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty BALB\/cJ mice were randomly assigned to one of five groups: A control group with no smoke exposure, two groups exposed to tobacco smoke, and two groups exposed to e\u2010cigarette vapor. Within the exposed groups after 4\u2009weeks of exposure, one ear was infiltrated with a saline hydrogel and the other ear with hydrogel of either Anti\u2010IL\u201013 or AG1478. After four more weeks of exposure, the animals were euthanized and the ETs were evaluated for mucosal changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to control animals with no smoke exposure, there were significant decreases in the numbers of goblet cells within the ET mucosa of mice exposed to tobacco smoke and e\u2010cigarette vapor. No significant differences in cilia, mucin, or squamous metaplasia were noted. Neither anti\u2010IL\u201013 nor AG178 significantly altered goblet cell count in the ET mucosa of mice exposed to tobacco smoke; however, both agents significantly increased goblet cells within the ET mucosa of mice exposed to e\u2010cigarette vapor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short\u2010term tobacco smoke and e\u2010cigarette vapor significantly decrease goblet cell count in mouse ET mucosa. Middle ear application of both anti\u2010IL\u201013 and AG1478 resulted in an increase in goblet cell count among mice exposed to e\u2010cigarette vapor, but not to tobacco smoke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 132:648\u2013654, 2022<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T10:57:18Z","timestamp":1633345038000},"page":"648-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changes in Eustachian Tube Mucosa in Mice After Short\u2010Term Tobacco and E\u2010cigarette Smoke Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Kiprovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diandra","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohin","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Statistics Syracuse University  Syracuse New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Tampio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488309139440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1983.00800240035006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000148223.45374.ec"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.3.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.038711"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61388-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.125.7.758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.The health consequences of involuntary smoking: a report of the Surgeon General DHHS. 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