{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:18:18Z","timestamp":1790453898183,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 DC011300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 DC011300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phonation threshold pressure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>) is the minimum subglottic pressure required to reach phonation onset and is considered a marker for vocal efficiency and health. We investigated the effects of intrinsic laryngeal muscle (ILM) activation on <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>In vivo animal study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In an in vivo canine phonation model, laryngeal adductor muscles were activated together by stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) and individually via stimulation of respective terminal nerve branches. Cricothyroid (CT) muscles were activated via stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves. ILMs were activated in a graded manner at various combinations as transglottal airflow was gradually increased. Aerodynamic and glottal posture parameters were measured at phonation onset.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Graded RLN stimulation decreased glottal distance and increased <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>. Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle activation alone increased <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>. Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscle activation alone had minimal effects. However, graded TA activation as a function of LCA activation level revealed a synergistic relationship between the two muscles in increasing <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>. Effects of CT activation were dependent on adductor stimulation level: CT activation increased <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub> at low RLN stimulation levels and decreased <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub> at high RLN levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of ILM activation on <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub> were consistent with their expected effects on vocal fold stiffness and tension. TA was the primary adductor controlling <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>. While LCA alone had minimal effects on <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>, it enhanced the role of TA in controlling <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>. TA and CT have antagonistic roles in controlling <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>th<\/jats:sub>. These relationships should be considered in clinical efforts to improve ease of phonation and vocal efficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA, basic science <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 132:1427\u20131432, 2022<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T14:03:42Z","timestamp":1637071422000},"page":"1427-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Phonation Threshold Pressure Revisited: Effects of Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaghauyegh S.","family":"Azar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh K.","family":"Chhetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California 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