{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:43:22Z","timestamp":1782398602173,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) poses challenges for operators in training, with limited robot access on a platform requiring distinct surgical skills. Few simulators exist, and current virtual reality training modules exclude head and neck simulations. This study evaluates the construct validity for a novel low\u2010cost TORS simulator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single institution prospective observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using 3D\u2010printed oral cavity structures and replaceable artificial tissue components, a modular TORS simulator was constructed for short\u2010duration hands\u2010on simulations with the da Vinci SI robot. Sixteen surgeons of differing robotic skill levels, no experience (novice), prior experience, and formal robot training, participated in simulated tonsil and tongue base tumor resections. Video recordings of each participant were graded by a blinded robotically trained surgeon using a 35\u2010point Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Surgery (GEARS) criterion adapted for the TORS simulator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Operators reporting formal robotic training or prior robot experience achieved significantly higher mean total GEARS scores compared to novice operators (32 vs. 20.5; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Overall, mean total GEARS scores correlated with reported experience level; novice operators scored 54% of total points at 19 (4.5), operators with prior experience scored 82.3% of total points at 28.8 (2.6), and robotically trained operators scored 97.1% of total points at 34 (1.7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>With a GEARS criterion, our simulator successfully differentiated novice from experienced and robotically trained operators of the da Vinci SI robot during simulated tonsillectomy and base of tongue resections. These findings support the construct validity of this prototype simulator and offer a foundation for further testing of predictive validity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 132:1588\u20131593, 2022<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T08:53:41Z","timestamp":1639040021000},"page":"1588-1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of a <scp>3D\u2010Printed<\/scp> Transoral Robotic Surgery Simulator Utilizing Artificial Tissue"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1102-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Murr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Lumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Feins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9330-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor G.","family":"Hackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina 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