{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:24:07Z","timestamp":1773008647561,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT 2\/5\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT 2\/5\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) is an important protective mechanism of the airways. Its physiology is still not completely understood. The available methods for LAR evaluation offer limited reproducibility and\/or rely on subjective interpretation. A new approach, termed\n                      <jats:italic>Microdroplet Impulse Testing of the LAR<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MIT\u2010LAR), was recently introduced. Here, the LAR is elicited by a droplet and a laryngoscopic high\u2010speed recording is acquired simultaneously. In the present work, image\u2010processing algorithms for autonomous MIT\u2010LAR sequence analysis were developed. This allowed the automated approximation of kinematic LAR parameters in humans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Development and testing of computational methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computational image processing enabled the autonomous estimation of the glottal area, the glottal angle, and the vocal fold edge distance in MIT\u2010LAR sequences. A suitable analytical representation of these glottal parameters allowed the extraction of seven relevant LAR parameters. The obtained values were compared to the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A generalized logistic function showed the highest average goodness of fit among four different analytical approaches for each of the glottal parameters. Autonomous sequence analysis yielded bilateral LAR response latencies of (229 \u00b1 116) ms and (182 \u00b1 60) ms for cases of complete and incomplete glottal closure, respectively. The initial\/average\/maximum angular vocal fold adduction velocity was estimated at (157\u2009\u00b1 115) \u00b0s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/(891\u2009\u00b1 516) \u00b0s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/(929\u2009\u00b1 \u2009583) \u00b0s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and (88\u2009\u00b1\u200953) \u00b0s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/(421\u2009\u00b1\u2009221) \u00b0s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/(520\u2009\u00b1\u2009238) \u00b0s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for complete and incomplete glottal closure, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The automated extraction of LAR parameters from laryngoscopic high\u2010speed sequences can potentially increase the objectiveness of optical LAR characterization and reduce the associated workload. The proposed methods may thus be helpful for future research on this vital reflex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NA\n                      <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 132:2412\u20132419, 2022\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T06:19:40Z","timestamp":1644301180000},"page":"2412-2419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computational Analysis of the Droplet\u2010Stimulated Laryngeal Adductor Reflex in High\u2010Speed Sequences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0651-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob Friedemann","family":"Fast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology Hannover Medical School  Hanover Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Mechatronic Systems Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover  Hanover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andra","family":"Oltmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronic Systems Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover  Hanover Germany"},{"name":"Department of Modeling and Simulation Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell\u2010Based Medical Engineering  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svenja","family":"Spindeldreier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronic Systems Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover  Hanover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6296-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ptok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology Hannover Medical School  Hanover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1265896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59989770025-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00417.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815578103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28947"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211025517"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10374-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-56537-7_41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP40778.2020.9190792"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-016-0130-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210100204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-111516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(93)90056-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2010.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372512"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-12-0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06433-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001060050076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HamadA HaneyM LeverTE BunyakF. 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