{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:38:56Z","timestamp":1772811536676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a major hallmark of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). We investigated the possible correlation between some severity markers of CRS and several clinical features of the disease. We further studied the bitter taste receptor <jats:italic>TAS2R38<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms to identify the genotypes associated with more severe disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 39 adult PCD patients with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP); a sample for nasal cytology was obtained and clinical cytological grading (CCG) was determined. The SNOT\u201022 and Lund\u2010Mackay scores were recorded. A sample of DNA was extracted from peripheral blood to investigate <jats:italic>TAS2R38<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRSwNP patients had features of more severe disease: indeed, they had statistically significantly higher frequency of previous sinus surgery, higher SNOT\u201022, LM scores, and CCG than CRSsNP patients. Upon genotyping of <jats:italic>TAS2R38<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms, we observed that the AVI\u2013AVI genotype, associated to homozygous nonfunctional bitter TAS2R38 receptor, was more prevalent among CRSwNP (100%) than in CRSsNP patients (0%); furthermore, AVI\u2013AVI subjects showed statistically significantly worse SNOT\u201022 and CCG scores than PAV\u2013PAV and PAV\u2013AVI subjects. The group of AVI\u2013AVI patients also had more frequent respiratory exacerbations, Gram\u2010negative infections, and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> colonization than PAV\u2013PAV and PAV\u2013AVI patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate for the first time that PCD patients with CRSwNP display a more severe disease than those with CRSsNP. Genotyping of <jats:italic>TAS2R38<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms demonstrated that in PCD patients, the AVI\u2013AVI genotype is strikingly more prevalent among CRSwNP than in CRSsNP, while the PAV\u2013PAV genotype might be protective against Gram\u2010negative infections and respiratory exacerbations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 133:248\u2013254, 2023<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T10:10:27Z","timestamp":1647857427000},"page":"248-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chronic Rhinosinusitis: <i>T2r38<\/i> Genotyping and Nasal Cytology in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioia","family":"Piatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milan and Unit of Bronchopneumology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Ambrosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan and Division of Otolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Ald\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan and Division of Otolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Girotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences University of Trieste, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2010IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria P.","family":"Concas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2010IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Torretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan and Division of Otolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico  Milan 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