{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:22:46Z","timestamp":1787761366582,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD) frequently report symptoms of depression. The objective of this study was to determine how clinical characteristics and olfactory\u2010related quality of life (QoL) measures associate with the likelihood for major depressive disorders (MDDs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 192 OD patients were included. Olfactory function was measured using all three subtests of the Sniffn' Sticks test. Olfactory\u2010related quality of life (QoL) was evaluated using the Questionnaires of Olfactory Dysfunction (QOD)\u2010negative (NS) and \u2010positive statement (PS). The likelihood for MDD was assessed using the Patients Health Questionnaire\u20102 (PHQ\u20102). Demographics and disease\u2010specific variables (etiology and duration of OD) were collected. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to associate disease\u2010specific variables and the QOD with the outcome of the PHQ\u20102. Additionally, the predictive ability of the QOD\u2010NS to predict depressive symptoms was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In univariate analysis, COVID\u201019 related smell loss, the QOD\u2010NS, and the QOD\u2010PS were significantly associated with the PHQ\u20102. In multivariable analyses adjusting for QoL measures, the QOD\u2010NS (\u00df\u00a0=\u00a00.532, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and sinonasal OD (compared with postinfectious OD) were significantly associated with the PHQ\u20102 (\u00df\u00a0=\u00a00.146, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.047). When omitting QoL measures from multivariable analyses, only COVID\u201019 related OD (compared with postinfectious OD) was significantly associated with the PHQ\u20102 (\u00df\u00a0=\u00a00.287, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009). A QOD\u2010NS score\u2009&gt;\u200920.5 had 70.13% sensitivity and 76.32% specificity for detecting symptoms of depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that COVID\u201019 related OD might be associated with a higher likelihood for MDD. Furthermore, we showed that the QOD\u2010NS score might be helpful to predict symptoms of depression in OD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 132:1829\u20131834, 2022<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T12:42:06Z","timestamp":1648644126000},"page":"1829-1834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Depression Symptoms and Olfactory\u2010related Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of Vienna  Vienna 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