{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:14:49Z","timestamp":1790615689988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tracheal transplantation has been considered the ideal option for the reconstruction of long\u2010segment circumferential tracheal defects. Our group developed a technique for vascularized single\u2010staged tracheal transplantation. Twenty months ago, we performed the first\u2010in\u2010human tracheal transplantation. Herein, we report a twenty\u2010month follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recipient presented with a 9.0\u2009cm airway tracheal stenosis and complete cricoid stenosis. The patient previously failed six major conventional surgical procedures. Prior to transplantation, the patient's airway was maintained with an extended tracheostomy and stent. The patient experienced repeated life\u2010threatening airway obstruction because of mucous plugging and obstructive granulation tissue. In January 2020 the patient underwent a single\u2010staged tracheal transplantation treated with triple\u2010therapy immunosuppression. Organ rejection was monitored with endoscopic tracheoscopy, narrow\u2010band imaging, free\u2010cell DNA assessment, and histological and cytogenetic analysis of tracheal biopsies. Mucociliary function was assessed with dye motility studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty months following transplantation, there has been no evidence of acute or chronic rejection. Since day 60, there has been no detectable free cell DNA, a surrogate marker for immune\u2010mediated allograft rejection. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) cytogenetics demonstrated that the donor trachea was repopulated with recipient epithelium establishing a chimeric allograft. Narrow\u2010band imaging demonstrates a well\u2010vascularized epithelial mucosa and bronchoscopic biopsies demonstrate normal ciliated epithelial architecture and viable epithelial lining with functional ciliated epithelium. The patient has resumed a normal life without a stent or tracheostomy and has returned to work.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty months after single\u2010staged vascularized tracheal transplantation, the trachea is functional and the patient breathes without the need for a tracheostomy or stent. Single\u2010staged long\u2010segment tracheal transplantation is a viable option for tracheal defects that are not amenable to conventional reconstructive techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 133:1839\u20131845, 2023<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T14:07:44Z","timestamp":1665756464000},"page":"1839-1845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vascularized Tracheal Transplantation: A Twenty Month Follow Up"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Eric M","family":"Genden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"},{"name":"The Recanati\/Miller Transplantation Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Harkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Critical Care Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin M","family":"Laitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander S.","family":"Florman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Recanati\/Miller Transplantation Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.5.1299"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)40048-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"The contribution of the inferior thyroid artery to the blood supply of the human trachea","volume":"123","author":"Miura T","year":"1966","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol 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