{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:03:58Z","timestamp":1792271038415,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DC019207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DC019207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paralaryngeal muscles are thought to be hyperfunctional with phonation in patients with primary muscle tension dysphonia (pMTD). However, objective, quantitative tools to assess paralaryngeal movement patterns lack. The objectives of this study were to (1) validate the use of optical flow to characterize paralaryngeal movement patterns with phonation, (2) characterize phonatory optical flow velocities and variability of the paralaryngeal muscles before and after a vocal load challenge, and (3) compare phonatory optical flow measures to standard laryngoscopic, acoustic, and self\u2010perceptual assessments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phonatory movement velocities and variability of the paralaryngeal muscles at vocal onsets and offsets were quantified from ultrasound videos and optical flow methods across 42 subjects with and without a diagnosis of pMTD, before and after a vocal load challenge. Severity of laryngoscopic mediolateral supraglottic compression, acoustic perturbation, and ratings of vocal effort and discomfort were also obtained at both time points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no significant differences in optical flow measures of the paralaryngeal muscles with phonation between patients with pMTD and controls. Patients with pMTD had significantly more supraglottic compression, higher acoustic perturbations, and higher vocal effort and vocal tract discomfort ratings. Vocal load had a significant effect on vocal effort and discomfort but not on supraglottic compression, acoustics, or optical flow measures of the paralaryngeal muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optical flow methods can be used to study paralaryngeal muscle movement velocity and variability patterns during vocal productions, although the role of the paralaryngeal in pMTD diagnostics (e.g., vocal hyperfunction) remains suspect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 134:1792\u20131801, 2024<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T12:56:30Z","timestamp":1695992190000},"page":"1792-1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Optical Flow Analysis of Paralaryngeal Muscle Movement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Fetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, CACTUS Lab University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Patterson\u2010Lachowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, CACTUS Lab University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianna C.","family":"Smeltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ted","family":"Mau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck, Center for Voice Care University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrianna C.","family":"Shembel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck, Center for Voice Care University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-21-00575"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489309135839"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29358"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10186276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486709139135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1969.00770020904020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-023-01724-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(96)80021-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShembelAC MorrisonR FetzerD et al.Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Tension in Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia with Shear Wave Elastography. 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