{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T13:12:32Z","timestamp":1788613952088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) is associated with airway abnormalities including a narrowed trachea. It is uncertain whether this narrowed trachea in DS is a consequence of deviant fetal development or an acquired disorder following endotracheal intubation after birth. This study aimed to compare the tracheal morphology in DS and non\u2010DS fetuses using microfocus computed tomography (micro\u2010CT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty fetal samples were obtained from the Dutch Fetal Biobank and divided into groups based on gestational age. Micro\u2010CT images were processed to analyze tracheal length, volume, and cross\u2010sectional area (CSA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean tracheal length and tracheal volume were similar in DS and non\u2010DS fetuses for all gestational age groups. Mean, minimum, and maximal tracheal CSA were statistically significantly increased in the single DS fetus in the group of 21\u201324\u2009weeks of gestation, but not in other gestational age groups. In 90% of all studied fetuses, the minimum tracheal CSA was located in the middle third of the trachea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tracheal development in DS fetuses was similar to non\u2010DS fetuses between 13 and 21\u2009weeks of gestation. This suggests that the narrowed tracheal diameter in DS children may occur later in fetal development or results from postnatal intubation trauma. The narrowest part of the trachea is in majority of DS and non\u2010DS fetuses the middle third.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3\n                      <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 134:4389\u20134395, 2024\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T04:48:16Z","timestamp":1714193296000},"page":"4389-4395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Micro\u2010\n                    <scp>CT<\/scp>\n                    Imaging of Tracheal Development in Down Syndrome and Non\u2010Down Syndrome Fetuses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Matthijs","family":"Fockens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousif","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika J.","family":"Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani\u00ebl","family":"Docter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam \u2013 Emma Children's Hospital  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaco","family":"Hagoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik G.","family":"Dikkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0758-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette S.","family":"de Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Erasmus University Medical Center \u2013 Sophia Children's Hospital  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.11.027"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"382","article-title":"Tracheal anomalies associated 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