{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:21:02Z","timestamp":1791264062823,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to describe the acoustic, auditory\u2010perceptive, and subjective voice changes under the Lombard effect (LE) in adductor laryngeal dystonia (AdLD) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjective perception of vocal effort (OMNI Vocal Effort Scale OMNI\u2010VES), Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), and the perceptual severity of dysphonia (GRBAS scale) were assessed in condition of stillness and under LE in 10 AdLD patients and in 10 patients with typical voice. Speakers were asked to produce the sustained vowel \/a\/ and to read a phonetically balanced text aloud. Using the PRAAT software, the following acoustic parameters were analyzed: Mean Pitch (Hz), Minimum and Maximum Intensity (dB), the Fraction of Locally Unvoiced Frames, the Number of Voice Breaks, the Degree of Voice Breaks (%), the Cepstral Peak Prominence\u2010Smoothed (CPPS) (dB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Under LE, the AdLD group showed a decrease of both G and S parameters of GRBAS and subjective effort, mean MPT increased significantly; in the controls there were no significant changes. In both groups under LE, pitch and intensity of the sustained vowel \/a\/ significantly increased consistently with LE. In the AdLD group the mean gain of OMNI\u2010VES score and the mean gain of each parameter of the speech analysis were significantly greater than the controls' ones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Auditory feedback deprivation obtained under LE improves subjective, perceptual\u2010auditory, and acoustics parameters of AdLD patients. These findings encourage further research to provide new knowledge into the role of the auditory system in the pathogenesis of AdLD and to develop new therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4 <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 134:3754\u20133760, 2024<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T08:39:15Z","timestamp":1715330355000},"page":"3754-3760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["\u201cLombard Effect\u201d and Voice Changes in Adductor Laryngeal Dystonia: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0751-0882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Raffaella","family":"Marchese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"Longobardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0605-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Libero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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